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Organisms 1 > Roots > Flashcards

Roots Flashcards

1
Q

What is a root

A
  • multicellular, contains vasculature
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2
Q

What is the root responsible for

A

anchorage to the ground
absorption and conductance of water and minerals
storage
symbioses

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3
Q

What are the 3 groups of roots

A

primary root
lateral root
adventitious root

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4
Q

What is a primary root

A

roots that are the first tissue to emerge from a germinating seed

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5
Q

What is a lateral root

A

subsequent roots emerging from the primary root

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6
Q

What is an adventitious root

A

root emerging from anywhere where we don’t expect them to emerge

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7
Q

what is a root system

A

variety of forms which result from different combinations of root types

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8
Q

what are the most common types of root systems

A

taproot
fibrous roots
prop & stilt roots
pneumatophores

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9
Q

What is a taproot system

A
  • primary root remains the largest root, central to the rest of the root
  • root system is found in all plant groups except monocots
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10
Q

what is a fibrous root system

A
  • primary root emerges from the seed but dies shortly after
  • lateral roots are very small and dense (web)
  • typical monocots
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11
Q

What is the advantage in a fibrous root system

A

increases the overall surface are –> increases area for absorption and water

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12
Q

What is a stilt and prop root system

A
  • specialized in providing additional support for the plant
  • mainly adventitious roots
  • mainly aerial roots
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13
Q

what are aerial roots

A

roots that form aboveground

- all aerial roots are adventitious but not all adventitious roots are aerial

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14
Q

What is a pneumatophore system

A
  • usually adventitious and aerial
  • can form a lateral root
  • specialized in gas exchange
  • only type of root that can grow upwards
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15
Q

What are the 3 cell types of root organization

A

dermal tissues, ground tissues, vascular tissues

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16
Q

What are the 3 most common patterns of cellular organization

A

woody, monocot, dicot

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17
Q

What is a monocot pattern

A
  • xylem and phloem both in a ring shape (xylem inner, phloem outer)
  • center of the vasculature has a group of parenchyma cells
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18
Q

What is the pith

A

a group of parenchyma cells

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19
Q

What is a dicot pattern

A
  • xylem is center of vasculature tissue surrounded by phloem

- xylem often visually forming a cross shape

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20
Q

What is a woody pattern

A
  • central cross xylem surrounded by phloem

- additional layers of xylem and phloem produced by vascular cambium –> one layer per growing cycle

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of dermal tissues

A
  • tissue layer b/w external environment and interior of plant –> SKIN
  • controls passage of minerals and water to the plant –> gate keeper
  • mainly limited to the epidermis
  • in woody plants, single-layered epidermis can be replaced by periderm
22
Q

What is the epidermis

A

single cell layer b/w the ground tissue and the external environment

23
Q

What is the periderm

A
  • multiple cell layers

- outer cell layers are often dead

24
Q

What is the cork

A

protective layer

25
Q

What is the root cap

A
  • specialized structures found on root tips facilitate the passage of the root through soil
  • detection of gravity
  • lubricates
  • –> secretes mucilage along the mucigel sheath
26
Q

What are root hairs

A
  • specialized structures found on root tips facilitate the passage of the root through soil
  • similar to a rhizoid
  • specialized in acquiring water
  • found at tips of new roots
  • provides anchorage to help root cap push through
27
Q

What are the characteristics of ground tissues

A
  • mainly parenchyma cells

- last cell layer of the cortex surrounds the vasculature (endodermis with casparian strip)

28
Q

What are the main functions in ground tissues

A
  • water and mineral conductance from the surface of the root to the vasculature
  • storage of starches or sugars
29
Q

What is the endodermis

A
  • visually distinct

- cell walls embedded with casparian strip

30
Q

What is the Casparian Strip

A
  • hydrophobic compound limits the transfer of water - water must travel through the symplastic pathway
31
Q

What are the characteristics of vasculature tissues

A
  • specialized in the rapid and efficient transfer of solutions in the plant
32
Q

What are the 2 types of cells present in vasculature tissues

A

xylem, phloem

33
Q

What is a stele

A
  • how the vasculature are organized in a structure that also contains the pericycle
34
Q

What is the pericycle

A
  • outermost layer of the stele
  • has no true vascular function
  • site of lateral root formation
35
Q

What are the 3 stages of root growth

A
  • area of cell division
  • area of maturation
  • area of elongation
36
Q

What is the area of cell division

A
  • where mitosis leads to elongation of the root
  • contains the root cap
  • contains several meristematic regions
37
Q

What are meristematic regions

A

site of the creation of new differentiated cells from undifferentiated cells

38
Q

What are the 4 types of meristematic regions

A

protoderms, procambium, ground meristem, apical meristem

39
Q

What is the function of protoderms

A

produce dermal tissues

40
Q

What is the function of procambium

A

produces vascular tissues

41
Q

What is the function of ground meristem

A

produces cortex tissues

42
Q

what is the function of apical meristem

A
  • produces growth –> produces protoderm, procambium, ground meristem
43
Q

What is the area of elongation

A
  • formation of vasculature
  • cell elongates
  • xylem formation begins while phloem formation matures
44
Q

What is the area of maturation

A
  • maturation of vasculature (endodermis, pericycle, root hairs)
45
Q

What are essential minerals

A

20 different mineral elements considered to be essential in plant growth
divided into micronutrients and macronutrients

46
Q

What are macronutrients

A

mineral elements needed in large quantities

47
Q

What are micronutrients

A

mineral elements needed in trace quantities

48
Q

How does soil attract water and mineral

A

since the soil is negatively charged and minerals and water are weakly positively charges creates an attraction force

49
Q

How is water taken up by plant

A

through the cohesion-tension theory

50
Q

What are the two steps for plants to absorb mineral

A
  1. minerals must be freed from soil particles

2. minerals must be transported into the plant cells against their concentration gradient

51
Q

What are the two mechanisms to free minerals from soil particles

A
  • H+ molecules released by plant roots displace important mineral elements from the soil particles
  • CO2 RELEASED BY PLANT ROOTS REACT WITH WATER TO RELEASE H+ –> pump protons into soil environment
52
Q

How are the freed minerals taken up into plant cells

A

using active transport with a transmembrane carrier protein

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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