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Organisms 1 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the greatest source of light input

A

the sun

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2
Q

What is a characteristic of chemoautotrophs

A

independent of the sun

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3
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

Biological system which evolved to acquire energy from the sun

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4
Q

What is the produce of photosynthesis

A

sugar, O2 (by-product)

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5
Q

What is a consequence of photosynthesis

A

new and endless supply of new energy for life to consume

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6
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 6H2O + E –> 6 O2 + 2 C3H6O3

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7
Q

What are the components of photosynthesis

A
  • light-dependent reactions

- carbon fixation

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8
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place

A

in the chloroplast

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9
Q

What are the components of light-dependent reactions

A
  • photosystem complex
  • electron transport chain
  • cytochrome
  • ATP synthase
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10
Q

What is the photosystem complex composed of

A

PS II and PS I

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11
Q

What does PS II & PS I consist of..

A
  • pigments
  • reaction center
  • antenna complex
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the antenna complex

A
  • captures light through pigments and funnels energy to reaction center
  • need light to function
  • situated on the sides of PS I & PS II which face outward
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13
Q

What does the antenna complex contain

A

pigments and reaction center

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14
Q

What is a pigment

A

any compound which produces visually observable color

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15
Q

What are the two main classes of a pigment

A
  • light responsive –> chlorophyll a & accessory pigments
  • secondary pigments –> other purposes
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16
Q

What is chlorophyll a

A

most important and common to all photosynthesizer

- may be ancestral pigment

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17
Q

How is the energy held in chlorophyll

A

a photon of energy of light is absorbed by the pigment. the energy excites the electron and bumps the electron to a higher energy orbital ring

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18
Q

What are accessory pigments

A
  • pigments that transfer their energy to chlorophyll a
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19
Q

What are examples of accessory pigments

A
  • chlorophyll b
  • carotenoids
  • phycobiliproteins
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of chlorophyll b

A
  • second most common pigment

- absorbs light but must be transferred to chlorophyll a for photosynthesis

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21
Q

What are carotenoids

A
  • red, orange, yellow pigments in thylakoid membrane

- only visible if chlorophyll is absent

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22
Q

What are example of carotenoids

A

carotenes, xantophylls

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23
Q

What is carotene

A
  • pigment produced by plants

- red, yellow, orange in appearance

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24
Q

What is xanthophylls

A
  • yellow pigment

- has many different compounds

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of phycobiliproteins

A
  • found in cyanobacteria and red algae
  • can absorb green light but reflects the red colour
  • necessary for organisms that live in deeper marine environments
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26
Q

What are the different ways that energy can be transferred

A
  • fluorescence
  • resonance energy transfer
  • transfer of excited electron
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27
Q

What is fluorescence

A
  • energy is released as a less energetic photon
  • lose the energy
  • not used in photosynthesis
28
Q

what is resonance energy transfer

A
  • energy may be transferred from an excited chlorophyll molecule to a neighbouring chlorophyll molecule
29
Q

What is the transfer of excited electron

A

transfer excited electron to a neighbouring molecule that is part of an ETC
- results in oxidation of chlorophyll molecule

30
Q

What is oxidation

A

losing an electron

31
Q

What are the characteristics of the reaction center

A
  • composed of chlorophyll a molecules that convert light energy to chemical energy
  • electron being freed makes its way to PS ii
32
Q

What is another name for PS II

A

P680

33
Q

What is another name for PS I

A

P700

34
Q

What is the first step of photosynthesis

A

PS II - light energy is absorbed by a pigment in antenna complex. E transferred to P680 chlorophyll a.
- P680 chlorophyll al loses an electron which is replaced through the oxidation of water –> releases 2 H+ into lumen of the thylakoid

35
Q

What is the second step of photosynthesis

A

Between PS II and cytochrome b6f

  • freed electron travails down a chain of proteins through oxidation/reduction reactions
  • 2 additional H+ in thylakoid lumen
36
Q

What are the three proteins involved in the second step of photosynthesis

A
  • pheophytin
  • plastiquinone (Qa)
  • plastiquinone (Qb)
37
Q

What is the third step of photosynthesis

A

cytochrome b6f to plastocyanin

  • plastiquinone donates electrons to the cytochrome b6f complex
  • cytochrome f of the complex donates electrons to plastocyanin
  • plastocyanin carries electrons to the PS I
38
Q

What is plastocyanin

A

molecule in the lumen

39
Q

What is the fourth step in photosynthesis

A

PS I
- can act independently using a similar antenna complex
Uses light to generate electrons in P700 chlorophyll a

40
Q

What is the fifth step in photosynthesis

A

Photosystem I to ferredoxin
- electrons oxidized are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
to do so, electrons travel P700 to ferredoxin and then transferred to NAD using ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase (FNR)

41
Q

What is ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase (FNR)

A

where NADPH is produced

42
Q

What is the sixth step in photosynthesis

A

H+ gradient and ATP synthase

  • by accumulating H+ within the thylakoid lumen, it created a proton gradient which is used to power protein-mediated channels
  • H+ passes through ATP synthase which powers phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
43
Q

What is the total number of hydrogen atoms taken out of the stroma

A

7 H+

44
Q

What are the two methods for ATP synthesis

A

Noncyclic phosphorylation & cyclic phosphorylation

45
Q

What is noncyclic phosphorylation

A

proton gradient created by ETC

46
Q

What is cyclic phosphorylation

A

proton gradient created by PS I replacement of electrons

47
Q

What is the end product of ATP synthesis

A

6 NADPH & 6 ATP

48
Q

Which phosphorylation generates more ATP than NADPH

A

cyclic phosphorylation

49
Q

What is carbon fixation

A

Uses ATP to create sugar

50
Q

What are other names for Calvin Cycle

A

C3 photosynthesis

calvin-benson-bassham cycle

51
Q

What is Ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)

A

molecule that begins the Calvin Cycle and that is regenerated at end of the cycle

52
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle

A
  • Fixation of CO2
  • Reduction
  • Regeneration of RuBP
53
Q

What is the first step of Calvin Cycle

A

Fixation

  • CO2 is bonded to 3 molecules of RuBP
  • fixation catalyzed by enzyme Rubisco
  • results in 6 molecules of 3-phosphglycerate (PGA)
54
Q

What is rubisco

A

most abundant enzyme on Earth

55
Q

What is the second step in the Calvin Cycle

A

Reduction

  • 6 molecules of PGA are converted to 6 molecules of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate and then to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL)
  • consumes 6 ATP & 6 NADPH
  • 1 of the PGAL is converted to sugar
56
Q

What is the third step of the Calvin Cycle

A

Regeneration of RuBP

- 5 PGAL reduced to 3 molecules of RuBP –> consumes 3 ATP

57
Q

How many times does the calvin cycle occur to make 1 sugar molecule

A

2 x because 3 molecules of RuBP is the starting point for carbon fixation

58
Q

What is the overall consumption of ATP, NADPH

A

9 ATP & 6 NADPH are consumed

59
Q

What is rubisco’s mistake

A

instead of fixing CO2, O2 is fixed –> photorespiration

60
Q

What is the process of photorespiration

A

Carbon which becomes phosphoglycolate then glycolate does not directly produce sugar

61
Q

Which plants have evolved to minimize photorespiration

A
  • C4 photosynthesis
    with or without Kranz anatomy
  • C3-C4 intermediates
  • CAM photosynthesis
62
Q

What occurs in C4 photosynthesis pathway

A
  • CO2 is fixed to PEP carboxylase and forms oxaloacetate and then to malate in the cytosol of mesophyll cells
  • malate is moved to a bundle-sheath cell
  • malate is converted to form CO2 and pyruvate
  • CO2 enters calvin cycle in bundle sheath cell
  • pyruvate returns to the mesophyll cell, reacts with ATP to regenerate PEP
63
Q

What are the two types of cells in the C4 plant

A
  • bundle sheath cell

- mesophyll cell

64
Q

What is the Kranz (wreath) anatomy

A
  • bundle sheath cells surround vascular bundle

- mesophyll cell surrounds the bundle sheath cells

65
Q

What is more efficient C3 photosynthesis or C4 photosynthesis

A

C4 in high temperatures

C3 in low temperatures

66
Q

What occurs in CAM photosynthesis

A
  • During the night, fix carbon –> stomata are open
  • -> CO2 is fixed to PEP to form oxaloacetate and then converted to malate. malate is stored in the vacuole as malic acid
  • During the day, stomata are closed –> malic acid transported out of the vacuole and into the cytosol as malate–> converted and the release CO2 enters chloroplast –> CO2 fixed to RuBP by rubisco
67
Q

What is CAM

A

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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