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Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the greatest source of light input

A

the sun

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2
Q

What is a characteristic of chemoautotrophs

A

independent of the sun

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3
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

Biological system which evolved to acquire energy from the sun

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4
Q

What is the produce of photosynthesis

A

sugar, O2 (by-product)

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5
Q

What is a consequence of photosynthesis

A

new and endless supply of new energy for life to consume

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6
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 6H2O + E –> 6 O2 + 2 C3H6O3

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7
Q

What are the components of photosynthesis

A
  • light-dependent reactions

- carbon fixation

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8
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place

A

in the chloroplast

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9
Q

What are the components of light-dependent reactions

A
  • photosystem complex
  • electron transport chain
  • cytochrome
  • ATP synthase
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10
Q

What is the photosystem complex composed of

A

PS II and PS I

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11
Q

What does PS II & PS I consist of..

A
  • pigments
  • reaction center
  • antenna complex
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the antenna complex

A
  • captures light through pigments and funnels energy to reaction center
  • need light to function
  • situated on the sides of PS I & PS II which face outward
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13
Q

What does the antenna complex contain

A

pigments and reaction center

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14
Q

What is a pigment

A

any compound which produces visually observable color

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15
Q

What are the two main classes of a pigment

A
  • light responsive –> chlorophyll a & accessory pigments
  • secondary pigments –> other purposes
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16
Q

What is chlorophyll a

A

most important and common to all photosynthesizer

- may be ancestral pigment

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17
Q

How is the energy held in chlorophyll

A

a photon of energy of light is absorbed by the pigment. the energy excites the electron and bumps the electron to a higher energy orbital ring

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18
Q

What are accessory pigments

A
  • pigments that transfer their energy to chlorophyll a
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19
Q

What are examples of accessory pigments

A
  • chlorophyll b
  • carotenoids
  • phycobiliproteins
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of chlorophyll b

A
  • second most common pigment

- absorbs light but must be transferred to chlorophyll a for photosynthesis

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21
Q

What are carotenoids

A
  • red, orange, yellow pigments in thylakoid membrane

- only visible if chlorophyll is absent

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22
Q

What are example of carotenoids

A

carotenes, xantophylls

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23
Q

What is carotene

A
  • pigment produced by plants

- red, yellow, orange in appearance

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24
Q

What is xanthophylls

A
  • yellow pigment

- has many different compounds

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25
What are the characteristics of phycobiliproteins
- found in cyanobacteria and red algae - can absorb green light but reflects the red colour - necessary for organisms that live in deeper marine environments
26
What are the different ways that energy can be transferred
- fluorescence - resonance energy transfer - transfer of excited electron
27
What is fluorescence
- energy is released as a less energetic photon - lose the energy - not used in photosynthesis
28
what is resonance energy transfer
- energy may be transferred from an excited chlorophyll molecule to a neighbouring chlorophyll molecule
29
What is the transfer of excited electron
transfer excited electron to a neighbouring molecule that is part of an ETC - results in oxidation of chlorophyll molecule
30
What is oxidation
losing an electron
31
What are the characteristics of the reaction center
- composed of chlorophyll a molecules that convert light energy to chemical energy - electron being freed makes its way to PS ii
32
What is another name for PS II
P680
33
What is another name for PS I
P700
34
What is the first step of photosynthesis
PS II - light energy is absorbed by a pigment in antenna complex. E transferred to P680 chlorophyll a. - P680 chlorophyll al loses an electron which is replaced through the oxidation of water --> releases 2 H+ into lumen of the thylakoid
35
What is the second step of photosynthesis
Between PS II and cytochrome b6f - freed electron travails down a chain of proteins through oxidation/reduction reactions - 2 additional H+ in thylakoid lumen
36
What are the three proteins involved in the second step of photosynthesis
- pheophytin - plastiquinone (Qa) - plastiquinone (Qb)
37
What is the third step of photosynthesis
cytochrome b6f to plastocyanin - plastiquinone donates electrons to the cytochrome b6f complex - cytochrome f of the complex donates electrons to plastocyanin - plastocyanin carries electrons to the PS I
38
What is plastocyanin
molecule in the lumen
39
What is the fourth step in photosynthesis
PS I - can act independently using a similar antenna complex Uses light to generate electrons in P700 chlorophyll a
40
What is the fifth step in photosynthesis
Photosystem I to ferredoxin - electrons oxidized are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. to do so, electrons travel P700 to ferredoxin and then transferred to NAD using ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase (FNR)
41
What is ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase (FNR)
where NADPH is produced
42
What is the sixth step in photosynthesis
H+ gradient and ATP synthase - by accumulating H+ within the thylakoid lumen, it created a proton gradient which is used to power protein-mediated channels - H+ passes through ATP synthase which powers phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
43
What is the total number of hydrogen atoms taken out of the stroma
7 H+
44
What are the two methods for ATP synthesis
Noncyclic phosphorylation & cyclic phosphorylation
45
What is noncyclic phosphorylation
proton gradient created by ETC
46
What is cyclic phosphorylation
proton gradient created by PS I replacement of electrons
47
What is the end product of ATP synthesis
6 NADPH & 6 ATP
48
Which phosphorylation generates more ATP than NADPH
cyclic phosphorylation
49
What is carbon fixation
Uses ATP to create sugar
50
What are other names for Calvin Cycle
C3 photosynthesis | calvin-benson-bassham cycle
51
What is Ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)
molecule that begins the Calvin Cycle and that is regenerated at end of the cycle
52
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle
- Fixation of CO2 - Reduction - Regeneration of RuBP
53
What is the first step of Calvin Cycle
Fixation - CO2 is bonded to 3 molecules of RuBP - fixation catalyzed by enzyme Rubisco - results in 6 molecules of 3-phosphglycerate (PGA)
54
What is rubisco
most abundant enzyme on Earth
55
What is the second step in the Calvin Cycle
Reduction - 6 molecules of PGA are converted to 6 molecules of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate and then to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL) - consumes 6 ATP & 6 NADPH - 1 of the PGAL is converted to sugar
56
What is the third step of the Calvin Cycle
Regeneration of RuBP | - 5 PGAL reduced to 3 molecules of RuBP --> consumes 3 ATP
57
How many times does the calvin cycle occur to make 1 sugar molecule
2 x because 3 molecules of RuBP is the starting point for carbon fixation
58
What is the overall consumption of ATP, NADPH
9 ATP & 6 NADPH are consumed
59
What is rubisco's mistake
instead of fixing CO2, O2 is fixed --> photorespiration
60
What is the process of photorespiration
Carbon which becomes phosphoglycolate then glycolate does not directly produce sugar
61
Which plants have evolved to minimize photorespiration
- C4 photosynthesis with or without Kranz anatomy - C3-C4 intermediates - CAM photosynthesis
62
What occurs in C4 photosynthesis pathway
- CO2 is fixed to PEP carboxylase and forms oxaloacetate and then to malate in the cytosol of mesophyll cells - malate is moved to a bundle-sheath cell - malate is converted to form CO2 and pyruvate - CO2 enters calvin cycle in bundle sheath cell - pyruvate returns to the mesophyll cell, reacts with ATP to regenerate PEP
63
What are the two types of cells in the C4 plant
- bundle sheath cell | - mesophyll cell
64
What is the Kranz (wreath) anatomy
- bundle sheath cells surround vascular bundle | - mesophyll cell surrounds the bundle sheath cells
65
What is more efficient C3 photosynthesis or C4 photosynthesis
C4 in high temperatures | C3 in low temperatures
66
What occurs in CAM photosynthesis
- During the night, fix carbon --> stomata are open - -> CO2 is fixed to PEP to form oxaloacetate and then converted to malate. malate is stored in the vacuole as malic acid - During the day, stomata are closed --> malic acid transported out of the vacuole and into the cytosol as malate--> converted and the release CO2 enters chloroplast --> CO2 fixed to RuBP by rubisco
67
What is CAM
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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