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Organisms 1 > Evolution of Plantae > Flashcards

Evolution of Plantae Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the plant

A
  • Uses photosynthesis to gain energy
  • multicellular
    reproduce through alternation of generation
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2
Q

What is a photosynthesizer

A

earth prokaryotes that use photosynthesis to generate sugar

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3
Q

What is a cyanobacteria

A
  • bacterium
  • first to use chlorophyll
  • chloroplast of today
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4
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory

A

eukaryotic cell engulfs a cyanobacterium

- cyanobacterium is used as an energy factor

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5
Q

What is the primary endosymbiotic theory

A

a eukaryotic cell engulfs a cyanobacterium –> becomes a symbiont

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6
Q

What is the secondary endosymbiotic theory

A

a eukaryotic cell engulfs cyanobacterium symbiont –> becoming a new symbiont

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7
Q

What are the 8 barriers to adapting to life on land

A
  1. Desiccation
  2. gases are absorbed differently
  3. reproduction
  4. buoyancy
  5. temperature fluctuations
  6. more light
  7. dissolved minerals in water
  8. Harmful UV light
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8
Q

What is the desiccation barrier and the plant’s adaptation

A
  • aquatic organisms dry out in open air
  • smaller organisms dry out faster than larger ones because of the surface area
  • org. cannot be waterproof
  • on epidermis, developed multiple cell layers –> wax layer + evolved roots/roots-like structure to direct movement of water into the body
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9
Q

What is the gas barrier and its adaptation

A
  • need a new gas exchange to take air out of air

- evolved the stomata: specific pores that allow entering of gas (can be closed or open)

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10
Q

What is the reproduction Barrier and its adaptation

A

aquatic organisms relied on water to facilitate reproduction

- evolved spores and seeds but only germinate when exposed to water

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11
Q

What is the buoyancy barrier and its adaptation

A
  • water and water pressure supports the body tissue structure
  • evolved strong fibers and compounds –> lignin, cellulose –> skeleton of plant
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12
Q

What is the temperature fluctuation barrier and its adaptation

A
  • water has slow and little change
  • land has quick and large changes
  • cell layers & roots helps plant survive extreme temperature fluctuations
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13
Q

What is the more light barrier

A

water filters out wavelength of light where only certain wavelengths penetrate in deep water

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14
Q

What are the mineral barrier and its adaptation

A

need a way to supplement nutrition loss

- roots take mineral out of soil and some plants can take nitrogen out of the air

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15
Q

What is the UV radiation barrier & its adaptation

A
  • most Important!
  • water could filter UV light, protect sea life but before photosynthesis, there was no ozone layer
  • with photosynthesis, ozone layer –> protected from UV radiation
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16
Q

What is the soil of today

A
  • small stones made through chemical weathering of solid rocks
  • rich in organic matter
  • minerals and water
17
Q

What is a symbiont

A

Any organism living in a symbiosis with another organism –> mutually beneficial relationship

18
Q

Green algae before plants

A

adapted to freshwater concentrated along coasts. since exposed to dry conditions through tidal movements –> led to adaptations which allowed their descendants to move on to land

19
Q

What are the 4 terrestrial groups of plants

A
  1. seedless non-vascular plants
  2. seedless vascular plants
  3. gymnosperms
  4. angiosperms
20
Q

What are the characteristics of seedless-non-vascular plants

A
  • first terrestrial group to have evolved from green algae
  • 3 main groups: liverworts, mosses, hornworts
  • first appearance of terrestrial growth forms & multicellular organisms
  • reproduce by spores - gametophyte dominant
  • require moist environments
21
Q

What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants

A
  • 4 main groups: ferns, horsetails, club mosses, whisk ferns
  • reproduce by spore - sporophyte dominant
  • have vasculature, roots, many distinct leaves & stems
  • moist environment
22
Q

What are the characteristics of gymnosperms

A
  • 4 main groups: cycads, gingkoes, conifers, gnetidae
  • reproduce by seeds - sporophyte present
  • have vasculature, secondary growth, roots, leaves, stems
  • dry environments
23
Q

What are the characteristics of angiosperms

A
  • most dominant plant groups
  • reproduce by seeds where sporophyte is dominant
  • have vasculature, secondary growth, flowers, roots, leaves, stems
  • first group that went back to water
24
Q

approximate evolutionary history

A

450 million years

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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