Bryophytes

Question 1

What are the characteristics of seedless non-vascular plants

Answer 1

• rhizoids, lack vasculature-seeds-leaves-stems, small size (some are thalloid) , stomata-like structure, depend on water for reproduction, gametophyte is dominant

Question 2

What are rhizoids

Answer 2

• simplified root-like structures derived from the epidermal cells
• holds bryophytes structure
• mainly for holding to the soil

Question 3

What is vasculature

Answer 3

cells specialized in moving solutions across large distances in an organism

Question 4

How do bryophytes transport substances

Answer 4

through plasmodesmata

Question 5

What is plasmodesmata

Answer 5

little gaps in cell walls

Question 6

What is a thalloid growth shape

Answer 6

flat, undifferentiated growth

- no form

Question 7

What are the stomata-like structures

Answer 7

simplified pores open all the time for gas exchange

Question 8

What are the main groups of bryophytes

Answer 8

Bryophyta, marchantiophyta, anthocerophyta

Question 9

What are the characteristics of Bryophyta: mosses

Answer 9

• huge range of growth form
• rhizoids are multicellular and branched
• uptake of water
• lack lignin
• lack leaves
• have pores that open with only two cells and resemble stomata of vascular plants

Question 10

What is lignin

Answer 10

important structural compound in plants

- responsible for stiffness in plant tissues

Question 11

where is the moss “stomata” situated

Answer 11

on the gametophyte

Question 12

What is the Bryophyta lifecycle

Answer 12

• gametophyte and sporophyte are formed on same individual
• gametes do not leave gametophyte
• female gamete is formed in the archegonium head
• male gametes are formed in the antheridia head
  –> can be on same or different gametophytes
  fertilization takes place in the archegonium –> forms the sporophyte
• zygote develops into a seta and a capsule
• can reproduce through specific sexual systems

Question 13

what is a seta

Answer 13

stock the capsule grows on

Question 14

What is a capsule

Answer 14

Contains the spores

Question 15

What are Gemmae

Answer 15

seed-like structures

Question 16

What are the characteristics of Marchantiophyta: Liverworts

Answer 16

• lack lignin, simple pore unicellular rhizoids, can reproduce asexually, have thallus growth form, form associations with a specific genus of cyanobacteria

Question 17

What is the Marchantiophyta lifecycle

Answer 17

• sporophyte and gametophyte on the same organism
• mature sporophytes are born on separate male and female gametophytes
• stalk contains gametophyte and sporophyte
• sporophytes form and mature in the archegonia
• produce asexually by gemmae held in the gemma cups on the gametophyte

Question 18

What are the characteristics of Anthocerophyta: hornworts

Answer 18

• lack lignin, simple pores, rhizoids, reproduce asexually, alternation of generation, thallus-like growth, mucilage-filled cavities

Question 19

What is the Anthocerophyta lifecycle

Answer 19

• sporophyte and gametophyte on the same organism
• archegonium and antheridium head are recessed into the gametophyte
• sporophyte is in stalk only
• fertilization takes place in archegonium