Plant Cells Flashcards by Kimberly Zajac

What are the primary features distinguished from animals

plastids
vacuole
cell wall

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What are the characteristics of plastids

organelle surrounded by a two-layer membrane
remains of a cyanobacterium
has own circular DNA
inherited from one parent only
semi-autonomous = can synthesize only some of the proteins that they need

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What are the common types of plastids

chloroplast, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

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What are the characteristics of chloroplast

site of photosynthesis
contain pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids
thylakoid & grana within chloroplast

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What is a thylakoid

membrane bound compartment where pigments are in the membrane

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What is a grana

stack of thylakoid membranes

site of light reactions in photosynthesis

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Why are chloroplasts motile within the plant

they can move away from light when there is too much as to not burn

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How do chloroplasts move through cytoplasm

by cytoplasmic streaming

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What is cytoplasmic streaming

actin filaments connect chloroplasts and other organelles

- Myosin molecules then pull the chloroplasts along the actin filaments

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What are the characteristics of chromoplasts

pigmented plastids
synthesize carotenoid pigments –> yellow, orange, red colour
attract pollinators and other animals for seed dispersal
can absorb excess energy from chloroplasts during photosynthesis

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What are the characteristics of chromoplasts

pigmented plastids
synthesize carotenoid pigments –> yellow, orange, red colour
attract pollinators and other animals for seed dispersal
can absorb excess energy from chloroplasts during photosynthesis

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What are the characteristics of leucoplasts

lest specialized
have no pigments or internal membrane
used as storage organelle

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What are proplastids

the mother cell of all types of plastids. also names protoplastid

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What are etioplasts

plastids unexposed to light

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What is an example of interconversion between different classes of plastids

chloroplasts to chromoplast. e.g. as tomato ripens, chlorophyll decreases and lycopene increases

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What are the characteristics of a vacuole

fluid filled organelle surrounded by tonoplast

- usually largest component of a plant cell (90%)

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What is the liquid inside vacuole

cell sap that contains compounds stored through photosynthesis

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What is a tonoplast

single membrane that bounds the vacuole of the plant cells

What are the vacuoles’s function?

storage
turgor pressure
sequestration of toxins
recycling of organelles
pigments

What are the vacuoles’s function?

storage
turgor pressure
sequestration of toxins
recycling of organelles
pigments

What is turgor pressure

force of the vacuole on the inside of the cell that maintains the cell rigidity

Osmosis causes water to flow from…

areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentrations

What are the 3 types of osmosis

hypertonic
isotonic
hypotonic

What is hypertonic osmosis

The plant collapses since the water the moving out of the cell

What is isotonic osmosis

There is an equal amount of water moving in and out of the cell

What is hypotonic

The plant is completely full where the water is moving into the cell

Why does the vacuole sequester toxins

compounds that could be toxic to the plant is stored in the vacuole. such as environmental toxins, heavy metals and salts

Why does onion make us cry when we cut it

plant defense that is only activated if the vacuole is broken

What is autophagy

the process of a cell engulfing and digesting macromolecules or damaged organelles

What is autophagy used in?

Recycling of organelles in the vacuole

Which type of pigments are stored in the vacuole of some cells

non-photosynthetic pigments

What are the characteristics of the cell wall

- gives the cell's shape - constrains expansion of the protoplast - defends cell against fungal and bacterial pathogens

What is the protoplast

way of describing all the interior components of a cell

What is the cell wall composed of

primary cell wall, secondary cell wall and middle lamella

What are the characteristics of the primary cell wall

- deposited white cell is increasing in size and actively dividing cells - composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin may contain lignin, suberin, cutin

What is cellulose

- most abundant macromolecule on Earth | - linear chain of glucose units formed from photosynthesis

What is hemicellulose

- hydrogen bonded to cellulose microfibrils - limits extensibility of cell wall - regulate cell expansion

What is pectin

- hydrophilic polysaccharides - imparts pliability to the cell wall - smallest component

What are the characteristics of the middle lamella

- joins adjacent cells - composed mainly of pectin - bisected by plasmodesmata

What is plasmodesmata

- passages across the cell wall which connects cytoplasm of adjacent cell - allows material to pass from cell to cell

What are the characteristics of the secondary cell wall

- only in secondary growth plants - present in cells with strengthening function - abundant cellulose molecule - composed of three layers, S1, S2, S3

What is an actin filament

type of filament

What is a myosin molecule

specialized motor proteins