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Organisms 1 > Plant Cells > Flashcards

Plant Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary features distinguished from animals

A
  • plastids
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of plastids

A
  • organelle surrounded by a two-layer membrane
  • remains of a cyanobacterium
  • has own circular DNA
  • inherited from one parent only
  • semi-autonomous = can synthesize only some of the proteins that they need
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3
Q

What are the common types of plastids

A

chloroplast, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of chloroplast

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • contain pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids
  • thylakoid & grana within chloroplast
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5
Q

What is a thylakoid

A

membrane bound compartment where pigments are in the membrane

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6
Q

What is a grana

A

stack of thylakoid membranes

site of light reactions in photosynthesis

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7
Q

Why are chloroplasts motile within the plant

A

they can move away from light when there is too much as to not burn

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8
Q

How do chloroplasts move through cytoplasm

A

by cytoplasmic streaming

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9
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming

A
  • actin filaments connect chloroplasts and other organelles

- Myosin molecules then pull the chloroplasts along the actin filaments

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of chromoplasts

A
  • pigmented plastids
  • synthesize carotenoid pigments –> yellow, orange, red colour
  • attract pollinators and other animals for seed dispersal
  • can absorb excess energy from chloroplasts during photosynthesis
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of chromoplasts

A
  • pigmented plastids
  • synthesize carotenoid pigments –> yellow, orange, red colour
  • attract pollinators and other animals for seed dispersal
  • can absorb excess energy from chloroplasts during photosynthesis
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of leucoplasts

A
  • lest specialized
  • have no pigments or internal membrane
  • used as storage organelle
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13
Q

What are proplastids

A

the mother cell of all types of plastids. also names protoplastid

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14
Q

What are etioplasts

A

plastids unexposed to light

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15
Q

What is an example of interconversion between different classes of plastids

A

chloroplasts to chromoplast. e.g. as tomato ripens, chlorophyll decreases and lycopene increases

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of a vacuole

A
  • fluid filled organelle surrounded by tonoplast

- usually largest component of a plant cell (90%)

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17
Q

What is the liquid inside vacuole

A

cell sap that contains compounds stored through photosynthesis

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18
Q

What is a tonoplast

A

single membrane that bounds the vacuole of the plant cells

19
Q

What are the vacuoles’s function?

A
  • storage
  • turgor pressure
  • sequestration of toxins
  • recycling of organelles
  • pigments
20
Q

What are the vacuoles’s function?

A
  • storage
  • turgor pressure
  • sequestration of toxins
  • recycling of organelles
  • pigments
21
Q

What is turgor pressure

A

force of the vacuole on the inside of the cell that maintains the cell rigidity

22
Q

Osmosis causes water to flow from…

A

areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentrations

23
Q

What are the 3 types of osmosis

A
  • hypertonic
  • isotonic
  • hypotonic
24
Q

What is hypertonic osmosis

A

The plant collapses since the water the moving out of the cell

25
Q

What is isotonic osmosis

A

There is an equal amount of water moving in and out of the cell

26
Q

What is hypotonic

A

The plant is completely full where the water is moving into the cell

27
Q

Why does the vacuole sequester toxins

A

compounds that could be toxic to the plant is stored in the vacuole. such as environmental toxins, heavy metals and salts

28
Q

Why does onion make us cry when we cut it

A

plant defense that is only activated if the vacuole is broken

29
Q

What is autophagy

A

the process of a cell engulfing and digesting macromolecules or damaged organelles

30
Q

What is autophagy used in?

A

Recycling of organelles in the vacuole

31
Q

Which type of pigments are stored in the vacuole of some cells

A

non-photosynthetic pigments

32
Q

What are the characteristics of the cell wall

A
  • gives the cell’s shape
  • constrains expansion of the protoplast
  • defends cell against fungal and bacterial pathogens
33
Q

What is the protoplast

A

way of describing all the interior components of a cell

34
Q

What is the cell wall composed of

A

primary cell wall, secondary cell wall and middle lamella

35
Q

What are the characteristics of the primary cell wall

A
  • deposited white cell is increasing in size and actively dividing cells
  • composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
    may contain lignin, suberin, cutin
36
Q

What is cellulose

A
  • most abundant macromolecule on Earth

- linear chain of glucose units formed from photosynthesis

37
Q

What is hemicellulose

A
  • hydrogen bonded to cellulose microfibrils
  • limits extensibility of cell wall
  • regulate cell expansion
38
Q

What is pectin

A
  • hydrophilic polysaccharides
  • imparts pliability to the cell wall
  • smallest component
39
Q

What are the characteristics of the middle lamella

A
  • joins adjacent cells
  • composed mainly of pectin
  • bisected by plasmodesmata
40
Q

What is plasmodesmata

A
  • passages across the cell wall which connects cytoplasm of adjacent cell
  • allows material to pass from cell to cell
41
Q

What are the characteristics of the secondary cell wall

A
  • only in secondary growth plants
  • present in cells with strengthening function
  • abundant cellulose molecule
  • composed of three layers, S1, S2, S3
42
Q

What is an actin filament

A

type of filament

43
Q

What is a myosin molecule

A

specialized motor proteins

Organisms 1 (10 decks)

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