Rome's fortunes from Gracchus' death

Question 1

What were two labels in the Senate as a result of Gaius Gracchus?

Answer 1

Optimates- “Best men”, conservatives, traditional, narrow-minded, all about what State used to have
Populares - office holders who want to bear in mind the Roman people; Gaius Gracchus

• Not political parties

Question 2

Right after Gracchus’ death, what were the two new provinces?

Answer 2

Asia and Transalpine Gaul.

Question 3

What did the Senate continue from Gaius Gracchus?

Answer 3

Land commission continued for 10 more years, but the colony of Carthage did not work.

Question 4

What is the family line of King Masinissa of Numidia?

Answer 4

1. ) King Masinissa - died during the 3rd Punic War in 112.
2. ) Son reigns from until 118.
3. ) Son dies and bequeathed kingdom to two sons and Jugurtha (nephew, around 35). Jugurtha agrees to split the kingdom equally

Question 5

What does Jugurtha do to Masinissa’s grandsons?

Answer 5

Kills one.

1. ) When the other son Adverbial appeals to Rome, Rome tells Jugurtha to stop the nonsense in 116.
2. ) Jugurtha trees. But, in 112, Jugurtha captures Adherbal’s capital city Cirta. Adherbal leads; Jugurtha promises safety but then kills him.

Question 6

Why did Rome respond to Jugurtha’s actions?

Answer 6

Jugurtha killed many Italian traders in Cirta. So, the Senate intervenes and sends an army, which is defeated.

Question 7

What happened (war wise) with Jugurtha?

Answer 7

Consul Quintus Metellus gets Numidian command in 109, kept until 108 as pro-consul.

Gaius Marius (novus homo) runs for consulship for 107 and gets Numidian command.

Marius goes out with Lucius Cornelius Sulla. They are an effective team, and they defeat Jugurtha when King Bacchus of Mauritania betrays Jugurtha in 105.

Question 8

What happens as a result of Marius’ victory?

Answer 8

Marius has a triumph

Senate divides Numidia to two members of the royal family. West and East.

Question 9

Who are the Cimbri and Teutoni, and when do they appear?

Answer 9

Appear in radar in 113.

Celtic people migrating from NE Italian peninsula. Romans are concerned they will come to the Roman peninsula

Question 10

Describe the victories of the Cimbri and Teutoni people

Answer 10

1. ) Romans send a small force to warn them, but the consul and army are wiped out
2. ) 109 - Cimbri and Teutoni are at the edge of the Transalpine Gaul. Consul with an army is sent but defeated
3. ) 107 - Celts win again.
4. ) 105 Arausio - Mallius is in charge with Caepio (pro-consul), but when Caepio disobeys Mallius’ instructions, Romans are wiped out. 10K Romans die.

Question 11

Why do the people vote for Marius?

Answer 11

• Marius not present (in Africa) and has already been consul, but they elect him for 104-101 (4 years plus 107) and then later for 100. (6 times altogether)

Question 12

How does Marius reform the army?

Answer 12

Cohorts, New symbol (with eagle)

Question 13

How does the Celtic struggle end?

Answer 13

Marius defeats Teutoni at Aquae Sextiae in 102

He defeats the Cimbri at Vercellae in 101.

Question 14

Marius’ background info

Answer 14

No cognomen
Born about 157 in Arpinum
Novus homo

Question 15

What does Sallust say?

Answer 15

Consulship guarded by nobles. Skeptical

Question 16

What does Marius decide to do to gain popularity?

Answer 16

1.) Join the army - served under Scipio Aemilianus at Numantia (where Jugurtha and Gaius Gracchus were)
clint to the patron family of Metelli (Quintus Metellus).
2.) Links himself to patron Quintus Metellus (family of the Metelli)

Question 17

How does Marius climb to power?

Answer 17

1. ) Becomes quaestor (tries more than once)
2. ) Elected praetor in 115 (last place)
3. ) 112 - marries lady belonging to the Julii Caesares family
4. ) During war against Jugurtha, he is helping Quintus Metellus. He goes back to be voted consul. In 107, he wins, saying that he has new ideas for the war against Jugurtha.
5. ) Steals command from Metellus because concilium plebis/tribune intervene –> becomes consul

Question 18

What does he do as consul?

Answer 18

1. Cultivates equites

2. Invites the poor to fight as a volunteer/given plot of land

Question 19

What does giving a plot of land to poor involve?

Answer 19

Land commission and permission from the senate.

1. ) Marius gets volunteers, promising land.
2. ) Asks Lucius Apuleius Saturninus to get land grounds (tribune 103)
3. ) Saturninus lowers the price of grain to make them like him. Then, he proposes that Marius get land in Africa.

Question 20

What happens after the war against the Cimbri and Teutoni?

Answer 20

After they are defeated, Marius must get more land. Saturninus is tribune again in 100; has an associate praetor Gaius Servillius Glaucia

• Saturninus proposes that land also be given to vets from the 2nd slave war in Sicily and a campaign in Macedon
• Much opposition on this proposal. On the day of the proposal, Saturninus brought Marius’ vets to fight those who wouldn’t vote for it.

Question 21

What happens to Saturninus at the end?

Answer 21

• Runs for tribune in 99 and gets re-elected. Glaucia stands for consulship. This is messy. They have Saturninus’ opponents murdered. Senators then turn to Marius.
• Marius agrees to act on the senate and negotiates with Saturninus and Glaucia to take him into a safety. When he does, the citizens kill him with tiles.