Robin Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are NOD-like receptor (NLR)?
A cytosolic receptor that detect molecules that are liberated as a consequenence of cell dammage, which are:
uric acid, ATP, reduced K+, DNA etc. Activates inflammasome, which induces the producion of IL1
What are the 5 R of inflammatory response steps?
Repair, Regulation, REmovl of the agent, Recruitement, REcognition
How does histamine (and bradykinin, leucotrienes, etc) cause vascular permeability of postcpillary veinules?
Contraction of endothelial cells. It is short-lived (15-30 min) except in some forms or mild injury like burns, UV, toxins where leakage begins after 2-12 hours and last for hours of days (endothelial injury)
What is the role of those proteins in migration of leucocytes through the capillaries?
- selectin
- chemokins (usually bound to proteoglycans)
- integrins
- CD31
- selectin: rolling
- chemokins/proteoglycans: acivating neutrophils to increase avidity of integrins
- integrin: firm adhesion
- CD31 (PECAM-1): transmigration
P-selectin is expressed on…. (2)
endohelium and platelet
Chemotactic agents (cytokines, complement (C5a), archidonic acid metabolites like LTB4) bind to which receptor on the leucocyte?
seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors
Release of leucocytes from the bone marrow is caused by cytokines that include ___ and ___
TNF and IL-1.
These are released in huge number during sepsis
which comes first: vasodilatation or permeability?
Vasodilatation, then permeability (think becomes red b4 swelling). Both caused by histamine. increased permeability also caused by other kinins
Give their roles in leucocytes recruitment:
Selectins:
Chemokins:
integrins:
CD31 (PECAM-1):
ICAM-1:
IL-1:
TNF:
VCAM-1
selectins: rolling
chemokins: acivating neutrophils to increase avidity of integrins
Integrins: firm adhesion
PECAM-1: transmigration
ICAM-1 (binds to LFA-1): integrin ligand (on the endothelium)
IL-1 and TNF : activate endothelium (increase adhesion molecules), and promote the release of cytokines for chemotactic gradient
VCAM-1 (binds to VLA-4): intergrin ligand on endothelium
P selectin is expressed on:
platelet AND endothelium
Which is the most common exogenous factor causing chemotaxis? (Starts with N)
peptides with N-formylmethionine terminal (bacterial product)
Name the 3 phagocytic receptors
mannose receptor, scavenger receptor (binds the LDL) and opsonin receptor (C3b, plasma lectins, IgG)
On top of being involved in microbial killing, NO does soemthing else:
vasodilatation
eNOS: endothelial
nNOS: neutronal
iNOS: inducible (involved in microbial killing
difference between acid protease and neutral protease (granules in neutrophiles
acid protease: degrades bacteria and debris with phagolysosomes
neutral protease: destruction of extracellular components -> tissue desctruction that accompany inflammation
Two types of granules in neutrophils: what are their main difference?
specific (secondary granules), constituted of ex: collagenase and primary azurophil granules
what are alpha1 antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin
antiproteases
What are NET
extracellular fibrillar network that concentate antimicrobial substances at site of infection and trap microbes, preventing their spread. It is composed of nuclear chromatin
lipoxins are pro or antiinflammatory
anti
MEdiators are either secreted by _____ or generated from _____
cells (sequestered in cells, rapidly secreted), plasma proteins (liver, exemple complement)
2 major vasoactive amines:
histamine, serotonin
Histamine is secreted secondary to binding of IgE antibodies OR (2 answers)
- cold, heat, physical injury
- anaphylatoxins, which are products of complement, C3a and C5a
- Neuropeptides like P substance and IL1 and IL8 can also trigger release of histamine
Serotonin is a preformed vasoactive mediator present in which cells? (2)
platelets and neuroendrocrine cells
TxA2 2 roles (thromboxane A2)
vasoconstriction and platelet agreggating
Prostacyclin role (PGI2)
vasodilation and inhibition of platelet agreggation (so contrary of thromboxane)
+ increase of vascular permeability and chemotactic effect of other mediators