chapter 2-3-4 Zachary

Question 1

tissue factor is extrinsic, intrinsic or common pathway?

Answer 1

extrinsic. Also remember that 7 is extrinsic and 8,9 11, 12 are intrinsic

Question 2

which color are thrombi forming in rapid blood flow? and in slower blood flow?

Answer 2

whitish, and red

Question 3

How do you name a free thrombus?

Answer 3

thromboembolus

Question 4

Name the three components of Virchow’s triad

Answer 4

Abnormal bloodflow (turbulence or stasis), hypercoagulability (excessive activity of blood flow: stasis and turbulence), endothelial injury

Question 5

3 phases of acut einflammation

Answer 5

fluidic, cellular, reparative

Question 6

3 pathways of complement

Answer 6

classical, mannose-binding lectin, alternative

Question 7

3 main functions of complement

Answer 7

1. host defense (opsonization, chemotaxis, leucocytes activation, lysis of microbial cell walls)
2. Bridging innate and adaptive immunity (+ antibody response, enhancement if immunologic memory)
3. disposal of waste: (clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic waste)

Question 8

Give the action of those bacteria toxins on the cells:

Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin (myositis in horse)
Staph aureus in dog pyoderma
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
E coli enterotoxinogenic
Clostridium tetani and botulinum

Answer 8

1. enzymatic lysis (dammage to cell membrane)
2. pore formation
3. inhibition of protein synthesis
4. Ion pump
5. Selective protein inactivation

Question 9

3 machanisms used by bacteria to establish resistance to antibiotics

Answer 9

1. efflux pump
2. antibiotic degrading enzyme
3. antibiotic altering enzyme

Question 10

3 mecanisms used by bacteria to transmit DNA to other bacteria

Answer 10

1. transduction (ia viral delivery), conjugation (plasmid tranfer), transformation (naked DNA of dead bacteria)

Question 11

Lawsonia intracellularis infects which enterocytes?

Answer 11

crypts (proliferative zone)

Question 12

contagious bovine pneumonia is caused by which bacteria?

Answer 12

mycoplasma mycoides

Question 13

Difference in toxins of clostridium botulinum and tetani in the location of the CNS they have an action (preciisely which kind of neurons)

Answer 13

botulism affects nerves that innervate muscle (neuromuscular junction)
tetanus affects inhibitory interneurons.

Both cleave SNARES proteins that allow the fusion of the neurotransmitter vesicles.

Question 14

Quel est le rôle de l’interféron lors d’infections virales?

Answer 14

Le génome viral, lorsqu’il entre dans la cellule infectée, cuase indirectement une activation des gènes qui codent pour l’interféron, qui est ensuite libéré de la cellule pour aller dans d’autres cellules. Celui-ci va permettre 1. activer les cellules immunitaire, 2. apoptose des cellules infectées, 3. induit la production de protéines antivirales pour bloquer la réplication virale.

Question 15

Quelles sont les deux phases des fungus dimorphique tel que coccidioides immitis? spherule-> ________->_________->___________

Answer 15

Parasitic et saprophytic

endospores, mycelia, arthroconidia

Question 16

Comment les prions pénètrent-ils le corps? (via quelle cellule?)

Answer 16

Cellules M des plaques de Peyer

Question 17

3 groups of innate noncytotoxic lymphocytes, what are they fighting? Which cytokins they produce (ex: interferon)

Answer 17

Group I (ILC1): virus, intracellular bacteria, parasite. TNF, IFN (interferon)
Group 2 (ILC2): helminths. interleukin
Group 3 (ILC3): extracellular bacteria. lymphotoxin (LT), TNF, IL17A et IL22

Question 18

What is the role of plasmin in the coagulation cascade?

Answer 18

degrade proteins, especially thrombi and clots

Question 19

what is the role of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Answer 19

pro and anticoagulant:

Pro-Coagulant Roles:
Conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin:
Thrombin cleaves soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin monomers, which polymerize to form the fibrin clot.

Activation of Factor XIII:
Thrombin activates Factor XIII to Factor XIIIa, which cross-links fibrin strands, stabilizing the clot.

Platelet Activation:
Thrombin binds to protease-activated receptors (PARs) on platelets, leading to platelet activation, aggregation, and secretion of pro-coagulant factors.

Amplification of the Coagulation Cascade:
Thrombin activates other clotting factors, including:

Factor V to Va
Factor VIII to VIIIa
Factor XI to XIa
This amplification ensures rapid clot formation.
Anti-Coagulant Roles (Regulatory):
Activation of Protein C:
When thrombin binds to thrombomodulin on endothelial cells, it activates Protein C. Activated Protein C, along with Protein S, inactivates Factors Va and VIIIa, slowing the clotting process.

Inhibition of Coagulation through Fibrinolysis:
Thrombin indirectly promotes fibrinolysis by stimulating endothelial cells to release tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which activates plasmin to degrade fibrin.