Robbins chapter 2

Question 1

Which caspases are activated in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and the extrinsic one and the pyroptose

Answer 1

caspase-9

caspase 8, caspase 10

caspase 1

Question 2

Name 2 things that the caspases activated in the execution phase do

Answer 2

1. cleavage of an inhibitor of DNase. Then DNase is enzymatically active and DNA start to degrade
2. Proteolyzation of the structural components of the nucler matrix

Question 3

what is efferocytosis

Answer 3

phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

Question 4

which apoptotic pathway is used o remove self reactive T lymphocytes?

Answer 4

extrinsic

Question 5

Example of physiologic necroptose

Answer 5

growth plate

Question 6

What does P53 does in case of dammage to DNA (2 options)

Answer 6

1. Stops cells in G1 and actiates DNA repair mechanisms
2. Triggers apoptosis if DNA can’t be repaired

Note that a lot of cancers are linked to problems with P53

Question 7

What is the role of t-PAS (theme: coagulation)?

Answer 7

a plasminogen activator (plasminogen->plasmin-> fibrinolysis

Question 8

Résume l’hémostase primaire, et secondaire

Answer 8

primaire: platelet plug
secondaire: facteur tissulaire exposé-> cascade de coagulation-> génération de thrombine-> cleaves fibrinogen in fibrin

Question 9

COagulation: PT et PTT, lequel est la voie extrinseque et lequel intrinseque

Answer 9

PT: extrinseque
PTT: intrinseque

Question 10

hémoarthrose, hémorragies dans muscle: typique plus de hémosase primire ou secondaire?

Answer 10

secondaire?

Question 11

Les thrombus veineux sont dngereux pour quelle raison? et les thrombus dans les artères?

Answer 11

• veine: embolistion dans les poumons
• artère: occlusion d’une artère importante: ex: artere coronaire ou artère cérébrale

Question 12

Quel complexe cyclin-CDK fait la régulation des check points de G2-M?

Answer 12

cyclin B-CDK1

Question 13

True or false: mitochondria normally produces ROS

Answer 13

True

Question 14

which is the most reactive oxygen derived free radical?

Answer 14

OH

Question 15

Why does ferritin, lactoferrin, transferrin and ceruloplasmin help in reducing free radicals?

Answer 15

Fe2+ and copper catalyze free radical formation

Question 16

which anti free radical enzyme is present in peroxisomes?

Answer 16

Catalase

Question 17

What is the unfolded protein response (it does 3 things)

Answer 17

When too many misfolded proteins in the ER-> ER stress->
1. Increase production of chaperones
2. decrease protein translation
3. proteasome action

If not sufficient-> apoptosis

Question 18

Heart: Increased workload + agonists (ex: alpha adrenergic hormones, angiotensin) and growth factors cause myocardial hypertrophy via 3 effects/pathways:

Answer 18

production of growth hormone
activation of fetal/embryonic genes
Production of contractile proteins

Question 19

For the production of melanin, the enzyme ______ catalyses the oxidation of ______ to dihydroxyphenylalanine

Answer 19

tyrosinase, tyrosine