Robbins chapter 6

Question 1

Chediak Higashi syndrome: what can be seen in the leucocytes at the microscope?

Answer 1

giant granules, resulting from aberrant phagolysosome fusion (defective fusion of phagosomes and lyzosomes)

Question 2

Give one more manifestation of cheddiak higashi syndrome (other than granules in leucocytes)

Answer 2

abnormalities in melanocyte (leading to albinism), nervous system (nerve defects), platelets (bleeding disorders)

Question 3

Explain the pathogeny of chronic granulomatous disease?

Answer 3

defect in microbicidal activity: neutrophils are insufficient-> macrophage rich chronic inflammation to control the infection when the initial neutrophil defense is inadequate

Question 4

Read on complement deficiencies

Answer 4

p242

Question 5

SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency): defects in humoral or/and cell mediated?

Answer 5

both (humoral secondarily). Sometimes X linked. Many different causes ex: mutaion in RAG or JAK3 or kinases

Question 6

In addition to infections, what are people with Iga deficiency more at risk of?

Answer 6

autoimmune disease

Question 7

How does pretein malnutrition cause immunodeficiency? (1 type of leucocyte)

Answer 7

metabolic derangement inhibit lymphocyte maturation and function

Question 8

Is the complement innate or adaptive immunity?

Answer 8

innate

Question 9

what are innate lymphoid cells?

Answer 9

lymphocytes that lack T-cell antigen receptors and cannot respond to antigens but instead are activated by cytokines and other mediators produced at site of tissue dammage

Question 10

Microbial structures that are shared amongst many microbes, often essential for infectivity (cannot be mutated). They are recognized by innate immunity. What are they?

Answer 10

PAMPs. Pattern recognition receptors (ex: toll like) are also recognizing molecules released by injured and necrotic cells. These receptors are located in all cellular compartments where microbes may be present (cytosol, endosome, membrane).

Question 11

Name an example of pattern recognition receptors (other than toll like)

Answer 11

NOD-like receptor, cytosolic receptor recognizing products released from necrotic/damaged cells (ATP, uric acid), loss of K+ ions and some microbial products

Question 12

Differences between the 3 types of amyloid: amyloid light chain, amyloid associated protein, beta amyloid

Answer 12

light chain: immunoglobulin
amyloid associated protein: non Ig protein made by the liver, beta amyloid: cerebral plaques (alzheimer)

Question 13

Different types of amyloidosis (3) and their meanings

Answer 13

primary (plasma clonal cells), secondary (complication of chronic inflammation process), hereditary

Question 14

3 broad causes of metastatic calcification

Answer 14

increased secretion of PTH, resorption of bone tissue (ex: tumor of bone marrow), vitamin D excess/sensitivity, renal failure

Question 15

What is an inflammasome?

Answer 15

protein complex taht recognize products of dead cells and some microbes and induces secretion of biologically active IL1

Question 16

C type lectins are expressed on which cells?

Answer 16

dendrocytes and macrophages. They detect fongiha

Question 17

what are named receptors that are in the cytosol and detect viral nucleid acid?

Answer 17

RIG-like.

stimulate the production of antiviral cytokine like interferon alpha(STING pathway)

Question 18

Which receptor express NK cells? what is it for?

Answer 18

IgG coaed target cells

Question 19

which cytokine does NK cell secretes to activate macrophages

Answer 19

Interferon gamma (IFN gamma)

Question 20

what is the name of the enzyme that mediates recombination of gene segments for antigen receptorss in lymphocytes?

Answer 20

RAG

Question 21

What is alphabeta TCR

Answer 21

the most common T cell receptor

Question 22

What is the antigen binding component of the b cell receptor complex?

Answer 22

IgM and IgD. present en the surface of all mature naive B cells

Question 23

which are the most important antigen presenting cells for intiating t cell response against protein antigens?

Answer 23

Dendritic cells