David thompson course

Question 1

Name 3 ways by which the endothelium is antithrombotic

Answer 1

1. heparan sulfate binds antithrombin
2. thombomodulin binds thrombin, which is then unable to cleave fibrinogen. Thrombomodulin also activates protein C
3. tissue factor pathway inhibitor inhibits factor X and tissue factor-factor VII , preventing thrombin generation
4. neutral membrane charge on endothelium

Question 2

the tubular system of a platelet is important for storing what (2 things)

Answer 2

Calcium and prostaglandin

Question 3

what does delta platelet granules contain?

Answer 3

calcium

Question 4

Gp11b-111a binds what?

Answer 4

fibrinogen

Question 5

reduced ATP in case of ischemia reduces Na+ pumps, which increases CA2+ in the cells. Ca also increase due to Ca coming from mitochondria and ______

Answer 5

ER

Question 6

tPA (tissue plasminigen activator) and ______ -> direct activation of fibrinolysis

Answer 6

Urokinase

Question 7

Which is the only fibrillar type of collagen? Also a component of basement membrane (with laminin)

Answer 7

Type IV

Question 8

what effect does reduced ph has on chromatin

Answer 8

clumping

Question 9

name 3 antioxydant vitamins

Answer 9

vit A, C, E

Question 10

name 2 enzymes that can degrade H2O2

Answer 10

gluthathione and catalase

Question 11

which cells are involved in perforin granzyme apoptosis

Answer 11

NK and cytotoxic t cells are responsible for causing apoptosis in cells that are damaged, infected or tumoral

Question 12

which are the 3 effector capsases

Answer 12

3, 6, 7

Question 13

which proapoptotic proteions form the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization pore (MOMP)

Answer 13

Bax and bak

Question 14

MPT vs MOMP, which one is necrosis vs apoptosis, and which one is in both inner and outer membrane?

Answer 14

MOMP = outer membrane, apoptosis. MPT= inner AND outer membrane, necrosis

Question 15

what does the apoptosome activates (2 capsases 1 pathways)

Answer 15

capsase 9, then capase 3, SMAC/DIABLO

Question 16

which proap[optotic protein is involved in the intrinsic AND extrinsic pathway?

Answer 16

Bid

Question 17

transcytosis is upregulated by which protein?

Answer 17

VEGF

Question 18

which selectin is stored in weibel palade bodies

Answer 18

p

Question 19

what is NF-kappaB? (NF-KP)

Answer 19

important transcription factor of inflammation

Question 20

what is the role of syndecan?

Answer 20

keep the glycocalyx on the endothelium

Question 21

what are talin and vinculin

Answer 21

link between integrins and actin cytosqueleton

Question 23

How do you call covalently modified dna

Answer 23

DNA adducts

Question 25

What is the role of PARP-1

Answer 25

Slows down DNA replication process so that polymerase has time to fix mistakes. Seen with single strand break If mistake is not fixed, PARP1 accumulates, activated p53 and cause apoptosis

Question 26

Name something that can cause double stranded break

Answer 26

ROS, radiation

Question 27

Name 3 proteins that are the major players ub homologous recombinatikn repair of DNA. Start with A, C and B

Answer 27

ATM/ART, CHK1/2, BRCA1/2

Question 28

In case of a non homologous recombinasion repair, which 2 proteins are used to repair?

Answer 28

DNA-PK and Ligase IV

Question 29

Which are the sensors in the dna damage response?

Answer 29

Ku, Rad, MRE/N

Question 30

What is obligate haploinsufficiency

Answer 30

When one copy of a gene is not enough for normal phenotype

Question 31

Name 3 non receptor tyrosine kinase (can move around in the cytosol and modify receptors)

Answer 31

Jak, Srec, Abl

Question 33

What does PTEN does?

Answer 33

Blocks AKT pathway. PTEN is a tumor supressor

Question 34

What does PI3K does to AKT?

Answer 34

Activates (phosphorylate)

Question 35

TGFB uses which protein as signal transduction pathway

Answer 35

SMAD

Question 36

SMADS are transcription factors except for one, which one?

Answer 36

Smad 4 (cofactor) Remember that smad 6 and 7 are inhibitory

Question 37

In tyrosine kinase receptor mutations, deletions are usually extracellular and cause hypo or hyperactivity?

Answer 37

Hyperactivity

Question 38

What is the role of Famesyl membrane anchor

Answer 38

Keep RAS membrane associated

Question 39

P16 and p21 are inhibitors of what

Answer 39

CDK inhibitors

Question 40

Activated Rb is phosphorylated or not?

Answer 40

Unphosphorylated, therefore not binding E2F

Question 41

Rb and p16 act on which CDK

Answer 41

CDK4/6 in G1

Question 43

Which p__ acts through all steps of cell cyle?

Answer 43

P21

Question 44

Which p__ mediates cell senescence

Answer 44

P16

Question 45

What does SMAC/DIABLO does (2 things)

Answer 45

Activates caspases and neutralizes inhibitors of apoptosis proteins

Question 46

What course of events happens when PTEN is absent in mutated cancer cells

Answer 46

Uncontrolled AKT activity-> AKT activates MDM2, MDM2 inactivates p53

Question 48

What does RISC do?

Answer 48

Mediates the silencong of genes using ds-miRNA

Question 50

What do Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and KLF4 have in common?

Answer 50

They are transcription factors associated with embryonic stem cells

Question 51

What does shelterin do?

Answer 51

Controls telomerase and dna repair enzymes access to telomere (protecting it)

Question 52

What are the bodies where the telomerase is assembled and activated

Answer 52

Cajal bodies

Question 53

production of more lactate vs pyruvate in tumor cells leads to _____ production. And why is methylation also increased in tumor cells?

Answer 53

Acetyl Coa production-> acetylated residues-> opens up histones Serine production is increased in aerobic glycolysis

Question 54

Which cytokine causes reduced MHC expression in cancer cells AND increases PDL1 expression

Answer 54

INFgamma

Question 55

Which protein controls CTLA4 expression?

Answer 55

Foxp3

Question 56

Which protein in papilloma virus causes p53 degradation

Answer 56

E6 E7 causes sequestering of RB in cytosol

Question 57

Name 3 cytokines that increase vascular permeability

Answer 57

Il1, TNF, IFN gamma

Question 58

Which TLR recognizes LPS

Answer 58

TLR4

Question 60

E caderin plays a role in contact mediated growth inhibition and does something else (binds ___)

Answer 60

It binds and sequesters B-catenin, a signaling protein that functions in the WTN pathway (pathway that when activated causes proliferation)

Question 61

What is the APC protein (what does it do?

Answer 61

Factor that negatively regulates the WNT pathway by forming a complex that degrades B catenin