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COM MOD > Robbins Chapter 6 Key Concepts > Flashcards

Robbins Chapter 6 Key Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Receptor families used in innate immune system

A

Toll-like receptors that recognize microbes and damaged cells

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2
Q

What are the mediators of adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes and are the only cells that produce specific and diverse receptors for antigens

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3
Q

Characteristics of T cells

A

have TCRs that recognize peptide fragments of protein antigens displayed on MHC cells of APCs

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4
Q

Characteristics of B cells

A

express antibodies that recognize antigens

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5
Q

Plasma cells

A

activated B cells that secrete antibodies

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6
Q

NK cells

A

kill cells that are infected by microbes
kill stressed or damaged cells beyond repair
express inhibitory receptors that recognize MHC on healthy cells so they don’t kill them

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7
Q

APCs function

A

capture microbes and transport them to lymphoid organs and display them for recognition by lymphocytes

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8
Q

Most efficient APC

A

dendritic cells which live in epithelia and most tissues

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9
Q

Generative lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and thymus

production of mature lymphocytes

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10
Q

Peripheral lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal lymphoid tissues

where immune response occurs

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11
Q

Innate immunity components

A

epithelial barriers
phagocytes
NK cells
plasma proteins of complement system

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12
Q

Difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity

A

innate is first response and doesn’t have fine antigen specificity or memory
adaptive develops slower but is more potent and specialized

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13
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

reaction of T lymphocytes to fight cell-associated microbes

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14
Q

Humoral immunity

A

mediated by antibodies and is effective against extracellular microbes

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15
Q

Extracellular microbes

A

in circulation and mucosal lumens

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16
Q

Cell-associated microbes

A

phagocytosed microbes and microbes in cytoplasm of infected cells

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17
Q

CD4+ helper T cell function

A

help B cells make antibodies
activate macrophages to destroy ingested microbes
stimulate recruitment of leukocytes
regulate immune response to protein antigen

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18
Q

What mediates CD4+ T cells

A

cytokines

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19
Q

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte function

A

kill cells that express antigens in cytoplasm (virus and tumor cells) and can produce cytokines

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20
Q

Function of antibodies

A

neutralize microbes and block their infectivity
promote phagocytosis and destruction of pathogen
confer passive immunity to neonates

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21
Q

Other names for immediate (type I) hypersensitivity

A

allergic reactions or allergies

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22
Q

What induces immediate hypersensitivity?

A

environmental antigens (allergens) that stimulate strong Th2 responses and IgE production in genetically susceptible individuals

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23
Q

IgE functions

A

coats mast cells by binding Fce receptors

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24
Q

What are the principal mediators of immediate hypersensitivity

A

histamine, proteases, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines

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25
Q

Function of the mediators of immediate hypersensitivity

A

immediate vascular and smooth muscle reactions and late-phase reaction (inflammation)

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26
Q

Functions of antibodies

A

opsonize (coat) cells and target them for phagocytosis

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27
Q

How do antibodies recruit phagocytes

A

phagocytes express receptors for Tc tail of IgG and complement proteins

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28
Q

Where do antibodies and immune complexes deposit?

A

tissues or blood vessels

29
Q

Result of antibody and immune complex deposition

A

acute inflammation by activating complement or engaging Tc receptors on leukocytes
causes tissue damage

30
Q

Cytokine-mediated inflammation process

A

CD4+ T cells activated by protein antigen and differentiate in Th1 and Th17 and activate IFNy to activate macrophages

31
Q

Results of cytokine-mediated inflammation

A

tissue damage and promote fibrosis

32
Q

IL-17 in cytokine-mediated inflammation

A

recruit leukocytes and promote inflammation

33
Q

Classical T cell-mediated inflammatory reaction

A

delay type hypersensitivity

34
Q

T-cell mediated cytotoxicity process

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for antigen recognize and kill cell
also secrete IFNy

35
Q

Immunologic Tolerance

A

unresponsiveness to self antigen

*fundamental property of the immune system

36
Q

What happens in Central Tolerance

A

immature lymphocytes that recognize self antigens in the generative lymphoid organs are killed by apoptosis

37
Q

What happens in Peripheral Tolerance

A

mature lymphocytes that recognize self antigens in peripheral tissues become functionally inactive, or are suppressed by regulatory T lymphocytes, or die by apoptosis

38
Q

What 2 factors lead to failure of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity

A
  1. Inheritance of susceptibility genes

2. Infections and tissue injury that ay expose self antigens and activate APCs and lymphocytes in the tissue

39
Q

Characteristics of autoimmune diseases

A

Chronic and progressive and tissue injury occurs

40
Q

What causes SLE

A

autoantibodies produced against self antigens and formation of immune complexes

41
Q

Role of autoantibodies in SLE

A

directed against nuclear antigens

42
Q

Disease manifestations of SLE (5)

A

nephritis, skin lesions, arthritis, hematologic abnormalities, neurologic abnormalities

43
Q

What causes arthritis in SLE

A

deposition of immune complexes

44
Q

What causes the breakdown of self-tolerance in SLE (3)

A

nuclear antigens, genetic factors, environmental factors

45
Q

What is Sjogren syndrome

A

inflammatory disease that affects salivary and lacrimal glands causing dryness of mouth and eyes

46
Q

What causes Sjogren syndrome

A

autoimmune T-cell reaction against self antigens in the lacrimal and salivary glands
viral infection against infects the tissues

47
Q

What characterizes Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)?

A

progressive fibrosis involving skin, GI, and other tissues

48
Q

How does fibrosis occur in systemic sclerosis

A

activation of fibroblasts by cytokines produced by T cells

49
Q

How does the rejection response against solid organ transplants occur?

A

initiated by host T cells that recognize foreign HLA antigens of the graft

50
Q

4 mechanisms of rejection of solid organ grafts

A

hyperacute, acute cellular rejection, acute humoral rejection, and chronic rejection

51
Q

Hyperacute rejection of solid organ

A

preformed antidonor antibodies bind to graft immediately after transplant

52
Q

Acute cellular rejection of solid organ

A

T cells destroy graft parenchyma by cytotoxicity and inflammatory reactions

53
Q

Acute humoral rejection of solid organ

A

antibodies damage graft vasculature

54
Q

Chronic rejection of solid organ

A

dominated by arteriosclerosis
caused by T cell activation and antibodies
vascular lesions and T cell reactions cause parenchymal fibrosis

55
Q

Treatment of graft rejection

A

immunosuppressive drugs that inhibit immune responses against the graft

56
Q

Diseases associated with HSC transplantation

A

graft vs host diseases, and immune deficiency

57
Q

Primary inherited immune deficiency diseases

A

inherited mutations in genes involved in lymphocyte maturation or function or in innate immunity

58
Q

Results of deficiencies in innate immunity

A

defects of phagocyte function, complement, and innate immune receptors

59
Q

X-SCID cause

A

adaptive immunity problem

mutation in common y chain of cytokine receptor

60
Q

X-SCID results

A

failure of T and B cell maturation
failure of IL-7 signaling
defective lymphopoiesis

61
Q

Autosomal recessive SCID cause

A

secondary defect in antibody responses

mutation in gene encoding ADA

62
Q

Autosomal recessive SCID results

A

failure of T cell development

accumulation of toxic metabolites during lymphocyte maturation and proliferation

63
Q

X-linked Agammaglobulinemia cause

A

mutation in the BTK gene which encodes B cell tyrosine kinase that is required for maturation signals from pre-B cell and B cell receptor

64
Q

X-linked Agammaglobulinemia results

A

failure of B-cell maturation

65
Q

Common Variable Immunodeficiency result

A

defect in antibody production

66
Q

X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome cause

A

mutation in gene encoding CD40L

67
Q

X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome results

A

failure to produce isotype-switched high affinity antibodies IgG IgA and IgE

68
Q

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) cause

A

defect in a signaling molecule

69
Q

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) result

A

defective responses against Epstein-Barr virus and lymphoproliferation

COM MOD (21 decks)

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