RNAV Part 3 Flashcards
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
APV/BARO-VNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES:
APV/baro-VNAV approach procedures are classified as instrument approach procedures in support of approach and landing operations with ______ guidance (see Annex 6). Such procedures are promulgated with a _____. They should not be confused with classical non-precision approach (NPA) procedures, which specify a minimum descent altitude/height (MDA/H) below which the aircraft must not descend.
APV/baro-VNAV approach procedures are classified as instrument approach procedures in support of approach and landing operations with vertical guidance (see Annex 6). Such procedures are promulgated with a decision altitude/height (DA/H). They should not be confused with classical non-precision approach (NPA) procedures, which specify a minimum descent altitude/height (MDA/H) below which the aircraft must not descend.
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
APV/BARO-VNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES:
APV/baro-VNAV procedures provide a greater margin of _____ than ___ approach procedures by providing for a guided, stabilised descent to landing. They are particularly relevant to large commercial jet transport aircraft, for which they are considered safer than the alternative technique of an early descent to minimum altitudes.
- 1.1.3 However, the inaccuracies inherent in barometric altimeters, combined with the certificated performance of the specific area navigation (RNAV) mode used, make these procedures less _______ than _______ approach systems. In particular, with certain systems the aircraft may not arrive within the Annex 14 obstacle-free surfaces, and the pilot should consider this possibility when making the decision to land at DA/H.
- 1.1.4 The lateral portion of APV/baro-VNAV criteria are based on RNAV __-precision criteria. However, the FAF is not part of the APV/baro-VNAV procedure and is replaced by a ___ approach ____, although the RNAV FAF may be used as a final approach course fix in database design. Similarly, the ____ is replaced by an aircraft-category- dependent DA/H.
- 1.1.5 The APV/baro-VNAV minimum DH is ____ FT plus a height loss margin. However, this minimum DH limit must be increased by the operator to at least ____ FT plus a height loss margin when the lateral navigation system is not certificated to ensure the aircraft will arrive within the Annex 14 inner approach, inner transitional and balked landing surfaces (extended as necessary above the inner horizontal surface to OCH) with a high degree of probability.
APV/baro-VNAV procedures provide a greater margin of safety than NPA procedures by providing for a guided, stabilized descent to landing. They are particularly relevant to large commercial jet transport aircraft, for which they are considered safer than the alternative technique of an early descent to minimum altitudes.
- 1.1.3 However, the inaccuracies inherent in barometric altimeters, combined with the certificated performance of the specific area navigation (RNAV) mode used, make these procedures less accurate than precision approach systems. In particular, with certain systems the aircraft may not arrive within the Annex 14 obstacle-free surfaces, and the pilot should consider this possibility when making the decision to land at DA/H.
- 1.1.4 The lateral portion of APV/baro-VNAV criteria are based on RNAV non-precision criteria. However, the FAF is not part of the APV/baro-VNAV procedure and is replaced by a final approach point, although the RNAV FAF may be used as a final approach course fix in database design. Similarly, the MAPt is replaced by an aircraft-category- dependent DA/H.
- 1.1.5 The APV/baro-VNAV minimum DH is 75 m (246 ft) plus a height loss margin. However, this minimum DH limit must be increased by the operator to at least 90 m (295 ft) plus a height loss margin when the lateral navigation system is not certificated to ensure the aircraft will arrive within the Annex 14 inner approach, inner transitional and balked landing surfaces (extended as necessary above the inner horizontal surface to OCH) with a high degree of probability.
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
APV/BARO-VNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES:
- 2.2 Atmospheric effects:
- 2.2.1 Atmospheric errors associated with non-standard __________ are considered in the design of the approach obstacle clearance surface. When temperatures are lower than standard, the aircraft’s true altitude will be ____ than its _________ indicated altitudes.
- 2.2.2 Most existing VNAV systems do __ correct for non-standard temperatures. At temperatures below standard, these errors can be significant and increase in magnitude as altitude above the station increases. The gradient of the approach obstacle clearance surface is reduced as a function of the minimum temperature promulgated for the procedure.
- 2.2 Atmospheric effects:
- 2.2.1 Atmospheric errors associated with non-standard temperatures are considered in the design of the approach obstacle clearance surface. When temperatures are lower than standard, the aircraft’s true altitude will be lower than its barometric indicated altitudes.
- 2.2.2 Most existing VNAV systems do not correct for non-standard temperatures. At temperatures below standard, these errors can be significant and increase in magnitude as altitude above the station increases. The gradient of the approach obstacle clearance surface is reduced as a function of the minimum temperature promulgated for the procedure.
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
APV/BARO-VNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES:
- 3 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS:
- 3.1 APV/baro-VNAV procedures are intended for use by aircraft equipped with ____ management _____ or other RNAV systems capable of computing barometric VNAV paths and displaying the relevant deviations on the instrument display.
- 3.2 Aircraft equipped with APV/baro-VNAV systems that have been approved by the State of the Operator for the appropriate level of lateral navigation (LNAV)/VNAV operations may use these systems to carry out APV/baro- VNAV approaches provided that:
a) the navigation system has a certificated performance equal to or less than ___NM, with __ per cent probability. This includes:
1) GNSS navigation systems certified for approach operations;
2) multi-sensor systems using inertial reference units in combination with certified DME/DME or GNSS; and
3) RNP systems approved for RNP ___ operations or less;
b) the APV/baro-VNA V equipment is ________;
c) the aircraft and aircraft systems are appropriately certified for the intended APV/baro-VNAV approach operations;
d) the aircraft is equipped with an integrated LNAV/VNAV system with an accurate source of ________ altitude; and
e) the VNAV altitudes and all relevant procedural and navigational information are retrieved from a navigation _______ whose integrity is supported by appropriate quality assurance measures.
- 3 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
- 3.1 APV/baro-VNAV procedures are intended for use by aircraft equipped with flight management systems (FMS) or other RNAV systems capable of computing barometric VNAV paths and displaying the relevant deviations on the instrument display.
1.3.2 Aircraft equipped with APV/baro-VNAV systems that have been approved by the State of the Operator for the appropriate level of lateral navigation (LNAV)/VNAV operations may use these systems to carry out APV/baro- VNAV approaches provided that:
a) the navigation system has a certificated performance equal to or less than 0.6 km (0.3 NM), with 95 per cent probability. This includes:
1) GNSS navigation systems certified for approach operations;
2) multi-sensor systems using inertial reference units in combination with certified DME/DME or GNSS; and 3) RNP systems approved for RNP 0.3 operations or less;
b) the APV/baro-VNA V equipment is serviceable;
c) the aircraft and aircraft systems are appropriately certified for the intended APV/baro-VNAV approach operations;
d) the aircraft is equipped with an integrated LNAV/VNAV system with an accurate source of barometric altitude; and
e) the VNAV altitudes and all relevant procedural and navigational information are retrieved from a navigation database whose integrity is supported by appropriate quality assurance measures.
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
APV/BARO-VNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES:
Pilots are responsible for any necessary ___ temperature corrections to all published minimum altitudes/heights. This includes:
a) the altitudes/heights for the ____ and __________ segment(s);
b) the ____; and
c) subsequent _____ approach altitudes/heights.
Note.— The final approach path VPA is safeguarded against the _____ of ___ temperature by the design of the procedure.
Pilots are responsible for any necessary cold temperature corrections to all published minimum altitudes/heights. This includes:
a) the altitudes/heights for the initial and intermediate segment(s);
b) the DA/H; and
c) subsequent missed approach altitudes/heights.
Note.— The final approach path VPA is safeguarded against the effects of low temperature by the design of the procedure.
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
APV/BARO-VNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES:
1.4.2 ___________ below the promulgated minimum
Baro-VNAV procedures are not permitted when the aerodrome __________ is below the promulgated minimum aerodrome temperature for the procedure, unless the flight management system (FMS) is equipped with approved ___ temperature compensation for the final approach. In this case, the minimum temperature can be disregarded provided it is within the minimum certificated ___________ limits for the equipment. Below this temperature, and for aircraft that do not have FMSs equipped with approved ___ temperature compensation for the final approach, an LNAV procedure may still be used provided that:
a) a conventional RNAV ___-precision procedure and APV/LNAV OCA/H are promulgated for the approach; and
b) the appropriate cold temperature altimeter correction is applied to all minimum promulgated altitudes/heights by the pilot.
1.4.2 Temperatures below the promulgated minimum
Baro-VNAV procedures are not permitted when the aerodrome temperature is below the promulgated minimum aerodrome temperature for the procedure, unless the flight management system (FMS) is equipped with approved cold temperature compensation for the final approach. In this case, the minimum temperature can be disregarded provided it is within the minimum certificated temperature limits for the equipment. Below this temperature, and for aircraft that do not have FMSs equipped with approved cold temperature compensation for the final approach, an LNAV procedure may still be used provided that:
a) a conventional RNAV non-precision procedure and APV/LNAV OCA/H are promulgated for the approach; and
b) the appropriate cold temperature altimeter correction is applied to all minimum promulgated altitudes/heights by the pilot.
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
APV/BARO-VNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES:
1.4.6 Altimeter setting:
Baro-VNAV procedures shall only be flown with:
a) a current local _______ setting source available; and
b) the QNH/QFE, as appropriate, set on the aircraft’s _______.
Procedures using a ______ altimeter setting source cannot support a baro-VNAV approach.
Baro-VNAV procedures shall only be flown with:
a) a current local altimeter setting source available; and
b) the QNH/QFE, as appropriate, set on the aircraft’s altimeter.
Procedures using a remote altimeter setting source cannot support a baro-VNAV approach.
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
APV/BARO-VNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES:
Vertical guidance sensitivity:
1.4.7.1 The baro-VNAV vertical guidance display sensitivity varies with different equipment. However, cockpit displays showing vertical path deviation must be suitably located and have sufficient sensitivity to enable the pilot to limit vertical path excursions to less than:
a) +___ ft; and
b) –__ ft
from the VPA.
1.4.7.1 The baro-VNAV vertical guidance display sensitivity varies with different equipment. However, cockpit displays showing vertical path deviation must be suitably located and have sufficient sensitivity to enable the pilot to limit vertical path excursions to less than:
a) +30 m (+100 ft); and
b) –15 m (50 ft)
from the VPA.
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
RNAV ARRIVAL AND APPROACH PROCEDURES BAESD ON SBAS:
SBAS accuracy performance has been demonstrated through the use of the ILS accuracy equivalence methodology. SBAS is currently not classified as a precision approach system as it does not meet all other signal-in-space performance requirements. The ILS accuracy equivalence methodology is based on the following assumptions:
(a) the signal-in-space performance meets the requirements;
(b) the GNSS avionics meet the requirements
(c) APV angular displays generate lateral and vertical flight technical errors that are comparable to the __ values;
(d) the lateral and vertical FTE are independent;
(e) the lateral and vertical FSE are independent;
(f) during an aligned missed approach when the first leg in the missed approach procedure is coded as a TF leg, the system remains in ___ mode up to the turn initiation point of the first waypoint of the missed approach procedure; and
(g) the decision altitude/height is read from a ________ altimeter
(a) the signal-in-space performance meets the requirements;
(b) the GNSS avionics meet the requirements
(c) APV angular displays generate lateral and vertical flight technical errors that are comparable to the ILS values;
(d) the lateral and vertical FTE are independent;
(e) the lateral and vertical FSE are independent;
(f) during an aligned missed approach when the first leg in the missed approach procedure is coded as a TF leg, the system remains in NPA mode up to the turn initiation point of the first waypoint of the missed approach procedure; and
(g) the decision altitude/height is read from a barometric altimeter
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
RNAV ARRIVAL AND APPROACH PROCEDURES BAESD ON SBAS:
SBAS operations are based on the following criteria:
(a) ____: basic GNSS criteria;
(b) _________: Bare-VNAV criteria; and
(c) ___: Specific APV-1 and APV-2 criteria
Published temperature restrictions for _________ procedures do not apply to _____ approach operations
(a) LNAV: basic GNSS criteria;
(b) LNAV/VNAV: Bare-VNAV criteria; and
(c) APV: Specific APV-1 and APV-2 criteria
Published temperature restrictions for bare-VNAV procedures do not apply to SBAS approach operations
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
RNAV ARRIVAL AND APPROACH PROCEDURES BAESD ON SBAS:
Publication and minima line description for APV:
The charted minima lines associated with SBAS APV-1 or APV-2 performance levels are labelled -
LPV
APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE:
RNAV ARRIVAL AND APPROACH PROCEDURES BAESD ON SBAS:
Procedure identification:
SBAS procedures are RNAV procedures and shall be identified as follows -
RNAV(GNSS)RWY XX
RNAV HOLDING:
Aircraft equipped with RNAV systems which have been approved by the State of the Operator for the appropriate level of RNAV operations may use these systems to carry out VOR/DME RNAV holding, provided that before conducting any flight it is ensured that:
a) the aircraft is fitted with _________ RNAV equipment;
b) the pilot has a current knowledge of how to operate the equipment to optimize navigation accuracy; and
c) the published VOR/DME facility upon which the procedure is based is _________.
a) the aircraft is fitted with serviceable RNAV equipment;
b) the pilot has a current knowledge of how to operate the equipment to optimize navigation accuracy; and
c) the published VOR/DME facility upon which the procedure is based is serviceable.
EN ROUTE:
RNAV and RNP-Based EN-ROUTE Procedures:
Turns in an RNAV route only allow the use of _____ waypoints.
There are two kinds of turns for RNP routes:
(a) the turn at a fly-by waypoint and
(b) the controlled turn. For this kind of turn, used on RNP 1 routes, the radius of turn is:
(1) __ nm at and below FL___; and
(2) ___ nm at and above FL___
Turns in an RNAV route only allow the use of fly-by waypoints.
There are two kinds of turns for RNP routes:
(a) the turn at a fly-by waypoint and
(b) the controlled turn. For this kind of turn, used on RNP 1 routes, the radius of turn is:
(1) 15 nm at and below FL190; and
(2) 22.5 nm at and above FL200
