Departure Procedures Flashcards
Prior to departure, the pilot of an aircraft departing into controlled airspace must obtain a departure clearance before take-off. This may be provided in one of two ways:
- Non-standard departure
2. Standard Instrument Departure(SID)
On the SID track there is a wide hollow arrow with a value written in it (for example 68) and below it an altitude(for example 8 000ft). What do these two values mean?
68nm is the total length of the procedure
At or above 8 000ft
Wherever possible a straight departure will be specified, which is aligned with the runway. Where a departure route requires a turn of more than __° to avoid an obstacle, a _____ departure is constructed.
Wherever possible a straight departure will be specified, which is aligned with the runway. Where a departure route requires a turn of more than 15° to avoid an obstacle, a turning departure is constructed.
Requirements:
Where instrument departures are required, a departure procedure will be established for each runway to be used, and will define the procedure for the various categories of aircraft based on an all engines running PDG of __%, or an ________ PDG if required to achieve minimum obstacle clearance. The procedures assume that pilots will compensate for wind effects (known or estimated) when flying departure routes which are expressed as tracks to be made good. If radar vectoring is applied, pilots are required to fly the vector headings and not make ________ for the ____.
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Where instrument departures are required, a departure procedure will be established for each runway to be used, and will define the procedure for the various categories of aircraft based on an all engines running PDG of 3.3%, or an increased PDG if required to achieve minimum obstacle clearance. The procedures assume that pilots will compensate for wind effects (known or estimated) when flying departure routes which are expressed as tracks to be made good. If radar vectoring is applied, pilots are required to fly the vector headings and not make allowance for the wind.
Obstacle Clearance.
As already stated, obstacle clearance is a primary safety consideration in instrument departure procedures. Unless otherwise stated a PDG of __% is assumed. The PDG is made up of __% gradient of obstacle identification surfaces or the gradient based on the most critical obstacle penetrating these surfaces (whichever is higher), and __% increasing obstacle clearance. Gradients published will be specified to an altitude/ height after which the minimum gradient of __% is considered to exist. The final PDG continues until obstacle clearance is ensured for the next phase of flight (en route, holding or approach). At this point the departure procedure ends and is marked by a ________ point. The minimum obstacle clearance equals ___ at the departure end of the runway (DER) and thereafter increases by __% of the horizontal distance in the direction of flight, assuming maximum divergence of __°. In the turn initiation area for a turning departure a minimum obstacle clearance of __ m (___ ft) is provided. Increased obstacle clearance will be provided in mountainous terrain. If DME is available, additional height/distance information is made available.
Obstacle Clearance.
As already stated, obstacle clearance is a primary safety consideration in instrument departure procedures. Unless otherwise stated a PDG of 3.3% is assumed. The PDG is made up of 2.5% gradient of obstacle identification surfaces or the gradient based on the most critical obstacle penetrating these surfaces (whichever is higher), and 0.8% increasing obstacle clearance. Gradients published will be specified to an altitude/ height after which the minimum gradient of 3.3% is considered to exist. The final PDG continues until obstacle clearance is ensured for the next phase of flight (en route, holding or approach). At this point the departure procedure ends and is marked by a significant point. The minimum obstacle clearance equals zero at the departure end of the runway (DER) and thereafter increases by 0.8% of the horizontal distance in the direction of flight, assuming maximum divergence of 15°. In the turn initiation area for a turning departure a minimum obstacle clearance of 90 m (295 ft) is provided. Increased obstacle clearance will be provided in mountainous terrain. If DME is available, additional height/distance information is made available.
Straight Departure.
A straight departure is one in which the initial departure track is within __° of the alignment of the runway. Track guidance may be provided by VOR, NDB or RNAV.
Straight Departure. A straight departure is one in which the initial departure track is within 15° of the alignment of the runway. Track guidance may be provided by VOR, NDB or RNAV.
Turning Departure.
If the departure track requires a turn of more than __°, a turning area is constructed and the turn required is commenced upon reaching a specified altitude/ height, or at a fix or at a facility (VOR, NDB etc…). Straight flight is assumed until reaching an altitude not less than ___ m (___ ft) above the elevation of the departure runway.
Turning Departure. If the departure track requires a turn of more than 15°, a turning area is constructed and the turn required is commenced upon reaching a specified altitude/ height, or at a fix or at a facility (VOR, NDB etc…). Straight flight is assumed until reaching an altitude not less than 120 m (394 ft) above the elevation of the DER.
Maximum speed for turning departures:
Aircraft category:
A = B = C = D = E =
A = 120 B = 165 C = 265 D = 290 E = 300
Omni-directional Departures.
Where no track guidance is provided in the design of a departure procedure, the omni-directional method is used which basically provides for initial departure tracks to be undefined. In other words, once off the end of the runway and at a safe height, the aircraft can be navigated in any direction required to achieve the initial en route point. It may be that some sectors of the departure area may contain obstacles which preclude departures in that direction, in which case the published procedures will be annotated to show the restricted sectors. The basic procedure is that the aircraft will climb on the extended runway centre line to ___ ft above aerodrome elevation before turns can be specified, and at least ___ ft of obstacle clearance will be provided before turns greater than __° can be specified. Turns will not commence within ___ m of the beginning of the runway. Where obstacles do not permit the development of omni-directional procedures, it is necessary to fly a departure route (straight or turning), or ensure that ceiling and visibility will permit obstacles to be avoided by visual means.
Where no track guidance is provided in the design of a departure procedure, the omni-directional method is used which basically provides for initial departure tracks to be undefined. In other words, once off the end of the runway and at a safe height, the aircraft can be navigated in any direction required to achieve the initial en route point. It may be that some sectors of the departure area may contain obstacles which preclude departures in that direction, in which case the published procedures will be annotated to show the restricted sectors. The basic procedure is that the aircraft will climb on the extended runway centre line to 120 m (394 ft) above aerodrome elevation before turns can be specified, and at least 90 m (295 ft) of obstacle clearance will be provided before turns greater than 15° can be specified. Turns will not commence within 600 m of the beginning of the runway. Where obstacles do not permit the development of omni-directional procedures, it is necessary to fly a departure route (straight or turning), or ensure that ceiling and visibility will permit obstacles to be avoided by visual means.
What is a omni-directional departure?
omnidirectional departure means a departure procedure that is designed on the basis that an aircraft maintains runway direction until it reaches such a height that it can make a turn in any direction and maintain obstacle clearance in accordance with specified requirements
Turns ay be defined as occurring at:
(a) -
(b) -
Altitude/height
Fix or facility
Turn speeds:
The speeds used are those of the final missed approach increased by -
10 per cent
In the case where no track guidance is provided -
An omnidirectional departure is implemented
For turning departures, track guidance is provided within -
For straight departures -
10km
20km
For turning departures, track guidance is provided within -
For straight departures -
10km
20km
