Holding Procedures Flashcards
Introduction.
Holding is the equivalent to temporary parking areas for aeroplanes. Clearly (unless you are flying a rotorcraft) you cannot stop, but you can remain (hold) in the vicinity of a radio navigation facility for as long as is required (fuel permitting!). Providing you can fly the aeroplane accurately and navigate with reference to a radio navigation aid (VOR, NDB) or a fix position, holding is a feasible option for losing ___. Indeed, in bad weather or at times of peak traffic flow, you will be lucky to get a ‘_______’ approach. All instrument arrivals start from a holding pattern established at the IAF. In a holding pattern, aircraft are ‘______’ up, one on top of another with the necessary vertical separation applied (______ ft). As the bottom aircraft departs the holding pattern to fly the approach procedure, the others above are ‘______’ (descended in the stack) to a lower level one at a time.
Introduction. Holding is the equivalent to temporary parking areas for aeroplanes. Clearly (unless you are flying a rotorcraft) you cannot stop, but you can remain (hold) in the vicinity of a radio navigation facility for as long as is required (fuel permitting!). Providing you can fly the aeroplane accurately and navigate with reference to a radio navigation aid (VOR, NDB) or a fix position, holding is a feasible option for losing time. Indeed, in bad weather or at times of peak traffic flow, you will be lucky to get a ‘straight-in’ approach. All instrument arrivals start from a holding pattern established at the IAF. In a holding pattern, aircraft are ‘stacked’ up, one on top of another with the necessary vertical separation applied (1000 ft). As the bottom aircraft departs the holding pattern to fly the approach procedure, the others above are ‘shuttled’ (descended in the stack) to a lower level one at a time.
Flying the Pattern.
In flying the holding pattern described, all turns are to be made at an angle of bank of __° or at rate _, whichever requires the _____ bank. All the procedures depict tracks and pilots should attempt to maintain the track by making allowance for known wind by applying corrections both to _______ and ____ during entry and while flying the holding pattern. Outbound timings begin over or abeam the fix whichever occurs later. If the abeam position cannot be determined, start the timing when the ___ to _______ is completed. The outbound track should be flown for _ minute at __ 000 ft and below and ___ minutes above __ 000 ft. If the outbound leg is based on a DME distance, the outbound leg terminates as soon as the limiting DME distance is attained. If, for any reason, a pilot is unable to conform to procedures for normal conditions, ATC should be informed as soon as possible. Holding patterns are to be flown at speeds given in the table below.
Note: See holding speeds note
In flying the holding pattern described, all turns are to be made at an angle of bank of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second (rate 1), whichever requires the lesser bank. All the procedures depict tracks and pilots should attempt to maintain the track by making allowance for known wind by applying corrections both to heading and timing during entry and while flying the holding pattern. Outbound timings begin over or abeam the fix whichever occurs later. If the abeam position cannot be determined, start the timing when the turn to outbound is completed. The outbound track should be flown for 1 minute at 14 000 ft and below and 11⁄2 minutes above 14 000 ft. If the outbound leg is based on a DME distance, the outbound leg terminates as soon as the limiting DME distance is attained. If, for any reason, a pilot is unable to conform to procedures for normal conditions, ATC should be informed as soon as possible. Holding patterns are to be flown at speeds given in the table below.
Holding Speeds(Normal Conditions):
Levels up to 14 000ft:
Levels above 14 000ft up to 20 000ft:
Levels above 20 000ft up to 34 000ft:
Above 34 000ft:
Holding Speeds(Turbulent Conditions):
Levels up to 14 000ft:
Levels above 14 000ft up to 20 000ft:
Levels above 20 000ft up to 34 000ft:
Above 34 000ft:
Holding Speeds(Normal Conditions):
Levels up to 14 000ft: 230knots, 170knots for Cat A and B
Levels above 14 000ft up to 20 000ft: 240 knots
Levels above 20 000ft up to 34 000ft: 265 knots (280 for airway holds)
Above 34 000ft: Mach 0.83
Holding Speeds(Turbulent Conditions):
Levels up to 14 000ft: 280 knots(only to be used after ATC clearance unless published) and 170 for cat A and B
Levels above 14 000ft up to 20 000ft: 280 knots or mach 0.8 whichever is less
Levels above 20 000ft up to 34 000ft:
Above 34 000ft: Mach 0.83
Introduction to entry sectors.
There are three methods of joining a holding pattern based on the _______ of the aircraft as it approaches the holding fix. Based upon this heading, three sectors are defined with specific procedures appropriate to each. Between each sector there is a _° ‘flexibility’ area either side of the defining heading within which the pilot has the choice of applicable joining procedure. The three sectors are illustrated below. For ease of definition the entry procedures below relate to a standard (right hand) pattern.
Introduction. There are three methods of joining a holding pattern based on the heading of the aircraft as it approaches the holding fix. Based upon this heading, three sectors are defined with specific procedures appropriate to each. Between each sector there is a 5° ‘flexibility’ area either side of the defining heading within which the pilot has the choice of applicable joining procedure. The three sectors are illustrated below. For ease of definition the entry procedures below relate to a standard (right hand) pattern.
Sector 1 is the -
Sector 2 is the -
Sector 3 is the -
Parallel entry
Teardrop entry
Direct entry
The sector two area in degrees is -
The sector 1 area in degrees is -
The sector 3 area in degrees is -
70 degrees
110 degrees
180 degrees
With the teardrop/offset entry the track offset to the reciprocal of the inbound track is -
30 degrees
Start of outbound timing:
Outbound timing begins ___ or ____ the fix, whichever occurs ____. If the abeam position cannot be determined, start the timing when the turn to ________ is completed.
Start of outbound timing:
Outbound timing begins over or abeam the fix, whichever occurs later. If the abeam position cannot be determined, start the timing when the turn to outbound is completed.
A limiting radial may also be specified where airspace conservation is essential.
If the limiting radial is reached ______ the limiting DME(of the outbound leg), this radial should be _______ until a turn _______ is initiated. The turn should be initiated at the latest where the limiting DME distance is ______.
A limiting radial may also be specified where airspace conservation is essential.
If the limiting radial is reached before the limiting DME(of the outbound leg), this radial should be followed until a turn inbound is initiated. The turn should be initiated at the latest where the limiting DME distance is reached.
Explain the sector 1 entry procedure:
At the fix, turn unto the outbound heading for the appropriate time.
Then turn left to the holding side and intercept the inbound track or return to the fix
Then turn to the outbound once overhead the fix.
Explain the sector 2 entry procedure:
At the fix, make a turn onto a heading of 30 degrees offset to the holding side of outbound heading for the appropriate time, limiting DME or limiting radial; then
turn to intercept the inbound track. Upon reaching the fix, turn to join the hold.
Holding Obstacle Clearance:
The holding area includes the basic holding area and the entry area. The basic holding area is the airspace required for a holding pattern at a specific level, based on the allowances for aircraft speed, wind effect, timing errors, holding fix characteristics, etc. The entry area is the airspace required for the entry procedure.
Buffer area:
An additional buffer area extends _ nm beyond the boundary of the holding area. Significant obstacles in the buffer area are taken into consideration when determining the minimum holding level.
Holding Obstacle Clearance:
The holding area includes the basic holding area and the entry area. The basic holding area is the airspace required for a holding pattern at a specific level, based on the allowances for aircraft speed, wind effect, timing errors, holding fix characteristics, etc. The entry area is the airspace required for the entry procedure.
Buffer area:
An additional buffer area extends 5 nm beyond the boundary of the holding area. Significant obstacles in the buffer area are taken into consideration when determining the minimum holding level.
Minimum Holding Level:
The minimum permissible holding level provides a clearance of at least:
(a) ___ m (___ft) above obstacles in the holding area.
(b) From the boundary area(boundary of the holding area) obstacle clearance reduces to a distance of 5nm from ___ m to __ m
Obstacle clearance over high terrain or in mountainous areas:
Over high terrain, additional obstacle clearance up to a total of 600 m is provided.
Minimum Holding Level:
The minimum permissible holding level provides a clearance of at least:
(a) 300 m (984 ft) above obstacles in the holding area.
(b) From the boundary area(boundary of the holding area) obstacle clearance reduces to a distance of 5nm from 300 m to 60 m
Obstacle clearance over high terrain or in mountainous areas:
Over high terrain, additional obstacle clearance up to a total of ___ m is provided.
