RNA Synthesis

Question 1

Which types of RNA are used to support protein synthesis?

Answer 1

tRNA, rRNA

Question 2

What type of RNA carries the DNA information for protein synthesis?

Answer 2

mRNA

Question 3

Where is the majority of RNA synthesis found in mammalian cells?

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

3 general steps of transcription

Answer 4

Initiation, elongation, termination

Question 5

What role does RNA polymerase play in transcription?

Answer 5

“start protein” Looks for promotor sites and binds to them

Question 6

What direction does RNA synthesis proceed in?

Answer 6

5’ to 3’

Question 7

What does the promotor region consist of?

Answer 7

TATA and consensus sequences

Question 8

What subunit is necessary for RNA polymerase to recognize the promotor?

Answer 8

sigma subunit

Question 9

What replaces the sigma subunit in RNA polymerase on prokaryotes?

Answer 9

Nus A Protein

Question 10

What type of DNA sequence causes termination?

Answer 10

Palindromes

Question 11

Rho factor

Answer 11

Termination factor for prokaryotes. Binds to 5’ end of messages and causes termination when it catches up to the stalled ribosome

Question 12

RNA polymerase II

Answer 12

found in the nucleoplasm, does the majority of the transcription

Question 13

RNA polymerase I

Answer 13

found in the nucleolus. Produces rRNA

Question 14

RNA polymerase III

Answer 14

found in the nucleoplasm. Produces small RNA

Question 15

What is the Deadhead mushroom’s effect on the body that makes it so deadly?

Answer 15

Inhibits RNA polymerase II

Question 16

What is the structure of a eukaryotic promotor?

Answer 16

TATA, CAAT (frequency of initiation), and enhancer/silencer elements (can be up or down stream)

Question 17

What is mRNA’s function in prokaryotes?

Answer 17

Polycistronic message, short-lived, immediately translated

Question 18

What is mRNA’s function in eukaryotes?

Answer 18

Monocistronic, introns and eons, mRNA must be processed, long-lived

Question 19

What protects the 5’ end of mRNA from being degraded?

Answer 19

Caps made of methylated guanine and methylated riboses

Question 20

What are poly A tails’ function?

Answer 20

Maintains message stability

Question 21

What mRNAs do NOT contain poly a tails?

Answer 21

Those coding for histones

Question 22

Introns

Answer 22

Only found in eukaryotes. Are removed during RNA processing.

Question 23

RNA splicing precursors

Answer 23

GU on 5’ end, AG on 3’ end

Question 24

What mediates the splicing of RNA?

Answer 24

Spliceosome

Question 25

SNRNPs

Answer 25

individual parts that form a spliceosome

Question 26

Alternative splicing

Answer 26

Exons can be spliced so they are expressed in different ways

Question 27

Wobble position of Codon

Answer 27

the third position that has less specificity when coding for an amino acid

Question 28

What are the two exceptions to the DNA codon language?

Answer 28

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 29

Transition mutation

Answer 29

Purine is replaced by purine, Pyrimidine is replaced by pyrimidine

Question 30

Transversion mutation

Answer 30

Purine is changed to a pyrimidine, and vice versa

Question 31

Silent mutation

Answer 31

Codon is changes, but the amino acid is not

Question 32

Missense mutation

Answer 32

Inactive or partially active protein

Question 33

Nonsense mutation

Answer 33

nonfunctional protein

Question 34

Sickle cell anemia is caused by what mutation?

Answer 34

Missense mutation

Question 35

Frameshift mutations

Answer 35

Insertions/deletions. only have a shift if 1 or 2 bases are affected