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Biochem > Mineral > Flashcards

Mineral Flashcards

1
Q

Principle cation of ECF

A

Na

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2
Q

Mineral that aids in muscle contraction

A

Na (Action potential)

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3
Q

Kidneys filtration of Na

A

Filters out and returns what is needed. Regulate acid-base balance by excreting H+ in exchange for Na+.

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4
Q

Diseases associated with Sodium

A

Hypertension

Osteoporosis: high salt and increased Ca excretion (K is a protective factor)

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5
Q

Sodium Deficiency/Toxicity

A

Hyponatremia (def)
Acute toxicity: edema/high BP.
Chronic toxicity: HTN

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6
Q

Chloride’s role

A

Major anion of ECF. Helps maintain fluid/electrolyte balance (assoc with Na and K). Part of hydrochloride acid.

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7
Q

Deficiency/Toxicity of Chloride

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating (def)
Bulimia nervosa is common cause of def
Toxicity common due to dehydration

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8
Q

Potassium’s role

A

Principle Intracellular cation. Helps maintain fluid/electrolyte balance. Aids in nerve impulse transmission/muscle contractions

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9
Q

Deficiency in Potassium

A

Hypertension. Risk of stroke. Kidney stones. Irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, glucose intolerance

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10
Q

Potassium Toxicity

A

Overconsumption of supplements. Kidneys accelerate excretion. Can stop is administered IV.

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11
Q

Calcium

A

Most abundant mineral in the body. 99% in bones and teeth. Helps to maintain normal BP.

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12
Q

Calcium in disease prevention

A

HTN, HLP, DM, Colon Cancer, Obesity?*

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13
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

Peak bone mass by late 20s. Bone loss with age. Osteopenia (low bone density). Osteoporosis

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14
Q

3 organs of Calcium regulate balance

A

Bone, Intestines, kidneys

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15
Q

Hormones that aids in Calcium regulation

A

Parathyroid hormone/Calcitonin

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16
Q

Phosphorus

A

Second most abundant mineral in the body. Buffer system (DNA/RNA). Energy metabolism/enzyme activation. Cell membranes. Aids in lipid transport.

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17
Q

Toxicity of phosphorus

A

Disrupts hormonal functions that contribute to kidney failure, HD, bone loss. UL 4000mg

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18
Q

Magnesium

A

More than half is in bones. Maintains bone health, Catalyst in AP production, Inhibits muscle contraction and blood clotting. Protective factor in HTN.

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19
Q

Deficiency of Mg

A

HD, stroke, HTN, DM, cancer. Causes tetany. Impairs CNS activity

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20
Q

Sulfate

A

Oxidized form of sulfur. Amino acid course: Methionine/Cysteine

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21
Q

2 forms of iron in the body

A 
Ferrous iron (Fe2+)
Ferric iron (Fe3+)
22
Q

Role of iron

A

Cofactor in Red-Ox Reactions. Part of electron carriers. Hemoglobin/myoglobin

23
Q

Iron Absorption proteins

A

Ferritin stores in the small intestine. Transferrin is iron transport protein

24
Q

Absorption-enhancers for nonheme iron

A

MFP
Vit C
Some acids/sugars

25
Q

Major iron source in body

A

Nonheme (90%) but is not absorbed wll

26
Q

Factors that inhibit iron absorption

A

Phytates
Calcium
Polyphenols
Individual variation in absorption

27
Q

Most common nutrient deficiency worldwide

A

Iron

28
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Releases iron veery slowly from th liver

29
Q

Hepcidin

A

Inhibits iron absorption, so inflammation occurs.

30
Q

How do malaria and parasitic infections affect iron levels>

A

Can cause deficiency due to blood loss

31
Q

RBC appearance in iron deficiency

A

Microcytic and hypochromic

32
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Energy metabolism is impaired. Nt synthesis is altered. Reduces energy levels and mental productivity.

Pica

33
Q

Iron Overload

A

Apathy, lethargy, fatigue.

34
Q

Hereditary hemochromatosis

A

Genetic failure to control iron absorption. Deficiency or resistance. Use phlebotomy to Tx

35
Q

Chronic disease and iron

A

Heart disease (excess). Cancer (free radicals).

36
Q

Iron poisoning

A

GI distress, constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

37
Q

Zinc

A

Highest concentration in muscle and bone. Supports work of hundreds of proteins. Stabilizes cell membranes/DNA. Synthesis, storage, release of insulin from pancreas. Interacts with blood clotting. Thyroid hormone function. Needed in vit A activation

38
Q

Proteins that transport zinc

A

Albumin and transferrin

39
Q

Accuracy of taste comes from what mineral?

A

Zinc

40
Q

Deficiency of zinc

A

Growth retardation. CNS damage

41
Q

Iodine

A

GI tract converts iodine into iodide

42
Q

Roles in body of iodine

A

Essential for thyroid hormone regulation

43
Q

Goiter

A

Expansion of thyroid cells.

44
Q

Cretinism

A

Severe iodine deficiency due pregnancy causes extreme and irreversible mental/physical retardation

45
Q

Selenium

A

Substitute for sulfur in AA. Antioxidant. Part of Glutathoine peroxidase. Enzymes activate/inactivate thyroid

46
Q

Keshawn disease

A

Heart disease seen in Chine. Selenium is shown to be protective to condition

47
Q

Copper

A

Constituent of enzymes. Iron metabolism, defense against oxidative damage. Possible link to CVD.

48
Q

Menses disease

A

Intestinal cells absorb copper but do not release into circulation (lethal)

49
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

Copper accumulates in liver and brain.

50
Q

Manganese

A

Bones/metabolically active organs (liver, kidney, pancreas). Cofactor for metabolic enzymes. Bone formation. Conversion of pyruvate to TCA cycle

Biochem (24 decks)

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