Regulation Of Gene Expression

Question 1

What is cDNA’s purpose?

Answer 1

Allows eukaryotic proteins to be expressed in E. Coli

Question 2

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 2

Converts mRNA to cDNA (along with DNA polymerase I)

Question 3

DNA polymerase I

Answer 3

Fills in blanks, removes primers, fills in again

Question 4

Linker

Answer 4

Prepares cDNA for cloning into a vector

Question 5

Nucleotide probes

Answer 5

Using amino acids to synthesize a probe to attempt to find the section of DNA desired

Question 6

Immunoscreening

Answer 6

Using clones to find the antibody of the desired protein

Question 7

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 7

Can make millions of copies of a region of DNA to study it

Question 8

RAPD analysis

Answer 8

PCR technique that allows identification of disease causing organisms.

Question 9

Constitutive proteins

Answer 9

Proteins found in relatively constant amounts in the cells regardless of the metabolic state of the cell

Question 10

Inducible proteins

Answer 10

Proteins usually found in low concentrations in a given cell, but can be increased markedly in response to proper stimulus

Question 11

Gene Amplification

Answer 11

The replication of a gene responsible for forming a certain protein is greatly increase

Question 12

Transcriptional activators

Answer 12

Most important for gene regulation in eukaryotes

Question 13

Methotrexate

Answer 13

Inhibitor of DHFR that is important to thymidine synthesis, and thus DNA. Cancer cells develop a resistance to methotrexate.

Question 14

Transposons

Answer 14

DNA fragments “jump” via transposase enzyme. Antibiotic resistance genes can jump.

Question 15

Immunoglobins

Answer 15

Antibodies made via gene rearrangement

Question 16

Enhancers

Answer 16

Activator sequences that help bind transcriptional factors.

Question 17

Hormone Responsive Elemements

Answer 17

Hormone specific receptors will bind to hormone specific enhancers, thus producing hormone regulated proteins

Question 18

Metallothionein enhancer

Answer 18

Can activate gene via zinc. Produces mt protein.

Question 19

Pancreatic beta-cell tissue enhancer

Answer 19

Showed that enhancers can be tissue-specific

Question 20

Helix-Turn-Helix binding of transcription factor

Answer 20

2 connected coils of an alpha-helix with one coil lying flush in a major groove and the other turned away about 90º. Found in E. Coli (is a lac repressor protein)

Question 21

Zinc Fingers

Answer 21

Zinc coordinates loop domains in the proteins with each domain bonding to the major groove of the DNA (Estrogen has many zinc fingers)

Question 22

Leucine zipper

Answer 22

Modified/small region of larger DNA bind protein. Holds thee DNA binding alpha-helical domains in correct position for interaction with the DNA

Question 23

Loop binding

Answer 23

NF-Kappa beta: bonds/loops in the protein. To create loops in the DNA. Influences major inflammation pathway in cells

Question 24

JAK-STAT

Answer 24

Signaling pathway vital for the function of cytokines

Question 25

JAKs

Answer 25

Kinases that bind to the receptor. Will phosphorylation the STATs

Question 26

STATs

Answer 26

Family of transcription factors that turns on the genes in the DNA after it is phosphorylated to make cytokines

Question 27

Loss of gene for STAT 1

Answer 27

Loss of response to viral/bacterial infection

Question 28

Loss of STAT 4

Answer 28

No T helper 1 cell function

Question 29

Loss of STAT 5

Answer 29

No breast development or lactation

Question 30

What controls play a role in regulating which mRNAs reach the cytoplasm?

Answer 30

Post-transcriptional controls

Question 31

How doe the processing of hnRNA to mRNA regulate post-transcriptional nuclear controls?

Answer 31

Regulation of splicing and message stability

Question 32

Masked RNA

Answer 32

Repressor proteins bind to mRNA and prevents translation

Question 33

Micro-RNA

Answer 33

Small RNA transcripts which regulate the levels and translation of messages. Can signal degradation of mRNA or block translation