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Geography > rivers (paper 1) > Flashcards

rivers (paper 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the main three processes in rivers

A
  • erosion
  • transportation
  • deposition
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2
Q

what are rivers split into

A

three courses:
- upper
- middle
- lower

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3
Q

define mouth

A

where a river meets the sea

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4
Q

define source

A

where a river begins, usually in upland

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5
Q

define tributary

A

a small river or stream that joins a larger river

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6
Q

define river channel

A

this is where the river flows

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7
Q

define cross profile

A

a cross section of a river, seeing its internal structure and dimensions

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8
Q

define confluence

A

a point at which two rivers of the same size meet

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9
Q

define watershed

A

an area of land that seperates 1 river basin from another

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10
Q

define long profile

A

shows the change in gradient along the course of a river’s journey

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11
Q

define draingage basin

A

area of land drained by a river

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12
Q

define bank

A

side of a river

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13
Q

what is deposition

A

when a river drops eroded material it is transporting when a river loses velocity and loses energy

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14
Q

define flood

A

a large overflow of water, usually over land that is naturally dry

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15
Q

describe a river in the upper course

A
  • narrow and shallow
  • marsh upland areas
  • verticle erosion
  • small bed load
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16
Q

describe a river in the middle course

A
  • wider and deeper
  • flatter
  • faster
  • lateral erosion
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17
Q

describe a river in the lower course

A
  • widest & deepest
  • most deposition
  • small bed load
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18
Q

what are the types of erosion

A
  • hydraulic action = forcing crack by compressing air or water
  • abrasion = sand & stones scraping the bed & banks
  • solution = water dissolves soluble mineras in banks
  • attrition = rock & stones knock into each other
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19
Q

what are the types of transportation

A
  • traction = rolling boulders, in floods in upper course
  • saltation = small stone and pebbles bouncing along bed
  • suspension = small particles suspended in water
  • solution = dissolved materials
20
Q

define transportation

A

the movement of materla from one place to another

21
Q

what are the erosional landforms of a river

A
  • meander
  • gorge
  • v-shaped valley
  • waterfall
  • interlocking spurs
22
Q

describe interlocking spurs

A
  • found in upper course
  • river is eroding verticaly
  • erodes the weakest (softest) geology
  • abrasion + hydraulic action leterally
23
Q

descirbe v-shaped valleys

A
  • found in upper course
  • eroding vertically
  • cut valley
  • everything above weakens & drops
  • weathering & gravity = mass movement
24
Q

describe a waterfall

A
  • only in upper course
  • hard rock above soft rock
  • falling water causes soft rock to erode
  • hard rock is overhanging
  • hard rock collapses
  • waterfall retreats and leaves a gorge
25
Q

wha causes deposition

A
  • loss of velocity
  • loss of energy
  • water depth / gradient
  • friction
26
Q

describe the cross profile of a meander

A
  • asymetrical
  • deeper outside bend, faster water, more erosion
27
Q

explain the process of a meander to an oxbow lake

A
  • erosion on outside bend causes meander neck to narrow
  • flood breaks the neck of the meander
  • straight path becomes dominant
  • old meander drys up = meander scar
28
Q

define a floodplain

A

wide, flat, fertile area of land either side of a river channel formed from repeated flooding events

29
Q

what are floodplains made of

A

alluvium - sediment that has been deposited by a river in a flood

30
Q

how do floodplains form

A
  • meander moves side to side due to meander migration, leaving meander scars
  • on the edges of the floodplain the land hasn’t been eroded - these are bluffs
  • each time the water flows over the floodplain the river deposits a thick, fertile layer of alluvium
31
Q

explain levees

A
  • sediment deposited on the banks of the river
  • largest sediment deposited losest to river
  • thin, fine sediments deposited over outer parts of floodplain
32
Q

what is an estury

A

where the river meets the sea - afected by tides and the action of coastal waves - leading to mudflats and salt marshes

33
Q

what is an esturay like at high tide

A

huge volumes of water at high velocity

34
Q

what is an esturay like at low tide

A

vast mudflats & salt marshes

35
Q

where is an example of how the river severn changes its landscape

A

the waterfall - the severn breaks its neck

36
Q

where is the source of the river severn

A

north west wales

37
Q

what are physical factors that affect flood risk

A
  • gradient
  • little vegitation cover
  • permeability of soil and geology
  • percipitation
  • small carrying capacity
38
Q

what are the human factors that affect flood risk

A
  • urbanisation = impermeable materials
  • farming activities = trenches
  • deforestation = little interception
  • climate change = increased evapouration
39
Q

what does a sorm hydrograph show

A

how a river responds to rainfall with peak rainfall and peak discharge and a lag time

40
Q

explain the relationship between lag time and and flood risk

A

the shorter the lag time the higher the flood risk

41
Q

explain the relationship between falling limb and drainage

A

how quickly the river returns to normal after peak discharge

42
Q

what are the two ways to describe a hydrograph

A
  • flashy
  • subdued
43
Q

what are the soft engineering techniques for preventing flood risks

A
  • afforestation = planting trees on the banks
  • flood warnings = flood alerts sent out
  • flood plain zoning = minimised impact on land
  • river restoration = returning river to natural state
44
Q

what are the hard engineering techniques for preventing flood risk

A
  • embankmetns = artificially raised river bank
  • dams & reserviors = large concrete barrier to impede flow
  • channel straightening = meandering section changed to be straighter, deeper, wider
  • flood relief channels = artificial channel acting as a backup
45
Q

what is an example of a river management location

A

banbury - 1998 £12.5M damage from floods, 2007 = more floods

46
Q

how was banbury imporved

A
  • A361 raised & stays open
  • £18.5 M ost scheme
  • 100,000 tonnes of earth for biodiversity action plan
  • quality of life improved

Geography (8 decks)

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