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Geography > Natural Hazards (paper 1) > Flashcards

Natural Hazards (paper 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four categories of hazards

A
  • atmospheric
  • geomorphological
  • tectonic
  • biological
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2
Q

what are atmospheric hazards

A

weather and climate related (hurricane, drought)

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3
Q

what are geomorphological hazards

A

land surface hazards (sinkhole, landslide)

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4
Q

what are tectonic hazards

A

linked to movements in the earth’s curst (earthquake, volcano)

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5
Q

what are biological hazards

A

relating to plants and animals (forest fires)

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6
Q

define natural hazard

A

a natural event that causes loss of life and/or damage to property

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7
Q

what is the difference between a natural event or hazard

A

an event just happens and there is no loss of life, a hazard kills and damages

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8
Q

what two categories of hazards are geological

A

tectonic and geomorphological

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9
Q

what two categories of hazards are meterological

A

atmospheric and biological

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10
Q

define geological hazard

A

caused by land and tectonic processes

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11
Q

define meteorological hazards

A

caused by weather and climate

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12
Q

what name is given to a colour key map of the world

A

choropleth map

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13
Q

are earthquake loactions associated with plate boundaries

A

yes highly

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14
Q

are volcano locations associated with plate boundaries

A

yes extremely

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15
Q

are tropical storms associated with plate boundaries

A

no - they only occur close to the equators

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16
Q

what factors affect hazard risk

A
  • more densely populated areas and countries
  • buliding on hazardous lands (flood plains / volcano surroundings)
  • relief of the land
  • climate change (warmer = more intense storms)
  • poverty (forces people to live in hazardous areas)
  • topography of land
  • magnitude and frequency of an event
  • location (on tectonic plate)
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17
Q

define hazard risk

A

the chance or probability of being affected by a natural hazard

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18
Q

what are the two different types of effects

A
  • primary
  • secondary
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19
Q

what are primary effects

A

an impact or effect of a hazard that occurs as a direct consequence of that hazard (roof tiles falling off / death)

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20
Q

what are secondary effects

A

hazards that result from an initial event but happen at a later date (diseases / mudslides / ash clouds)

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21
Q

why do people live in hazardous areas

A
  • geothermal energy sources (volanic areas) - iceland & italy
  • desired climate
  • soil fertility (volcanic areas) - tomatoes in iceland
  • resources underground (diamonds) - america
    -tourism - blue lagoon Iceland
  • earthquakes are coastal - helps for fishing
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22
Q

what is the radius (distance from the centre) of earth

A

6300 km

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23
Q

how many large tectonic plates are there

A

7

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24
Q

describe the mantle of the earth

A
  • widest & thickest layer
  • high viscosity on outside
  • low viscosity closer to middle
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25
Q

what are the three plate theories

A
  • convection currents
  • ridge push
  • slab pull
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26
Q

explain convection currents

A
  • magma near the core is heated up and rises
  • magma reaches the crust and cools as spreads sideways
  • sinks towards the core dragging the crust above it
  • cycle continues
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27
Q

explain the ridge push theory

A

at constructive boundary
- magma rises
- magma cools to form new oceanic plate material
- forms mountain ridge
- it is very dense and slides down away from the ridge
- this causes tectonic plate to move away from each other
the weight of the ridge pushes the rest of oceanic plate in front of it

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28
Q

explain the slab pull theory

A

at destructive plate boundary
- denser oceanic plate sinks back into the mantle under gravity
- pulls on the rest of oceanic plate behind it & speeds up

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29
Q

what are the three peices of evidence to continental drift

A
  • study of fossils
  • pattern of rocks
  • shape of continents fit
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30
Q

what are the two different types of crust

A
  • oceanic
  • continental
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31
Q

what are the characteristics of oceanic crust

A
  • younger
  • thinner
  • heavier (dense)
  • temporary = constantly being destoryed and replayed
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32
Q

what are the characteristics of continental curst

A
  • older
  • lighter
  • pernament = cannot be destroyed
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33
Q

when was Pangaea

A

250M years ago

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34
Q

explain how the study of fossils is evidence for continental drift

A
  • dinosaus found in Antartica, India & Africa
  • land mammel and cannot swim
    = no other explaination
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35
Q

explain how the patterns of rocks is evidence for continental drift

A
  • same rocks of same age found in East Canada & West Scotland
  • rocks were once very close or joined
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36
Q

explain how the shapes of continents fitting is evidence for continental drift

A
  • south America and Africa
  • they were once together
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37
Q

what are the four types of plate boundaries

A
  • conservative
  • destructive (convergent)
  • constructive (divergent)
  • collision
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38
Q

describe a conservative plate boundary

A
  • when two plate boundaries move past each other = strike-slip fault = built up friction released
  • San Andreas faults, California
  • violent earthquakes
  • NO VOLCANOES
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39
Q

describe a destructive plate boundary

A
  • oceanic plate boundary is subducted by continental as it is denser
  • Japan
  • composite volcanoes (rare violent & steep)
  • fold mountains
  • earthquakes
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40
Q

describe a constructive plate boundary

A
  • 2 oceanic plates move away from each other = rising magma forms new crust
  • mid-Atlantic ridge
  • sheild volcanoes (frequent gentle & flat)
  • gentle earthquakes (due to less energy)
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41
Q

describe a collision plate boundary

A
  • 2 continental plates collide & cannot sink into mantle
  • Himalayas mountain-range
  • earthquakes
  • fold mountains
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42
Q

what are the two types of volcanoes

A
  • sheild volcanoes
  • composite volcanoes
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43
Q

explain and describe sheild volcanoes

A
  • found at constructive plate boundaries
  • made up of layers of cooling lava
  • fast flowing
  • frequent but gentle eruptions
  • gas escapes easily
  • wide and gentle sloping
  • eg Mauna Loa, Hawaii
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44
Q

explain and describe composite volcanoes

A
  • found at desstructive plate boundaries
  • made up of layers of ash and lava
  • slow flowing, sticky lava
  • gas builds up = violent
  • steep sides
  • melting oceanic plate
  • secondary vents
  • eg Mount Etna, Italy
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45
Q

describe how volcanoes are distributed globally

A
  • most commonly found overall on plate boundaries
  • Pacific Ring of Fire
  • mid-Atlantiic ridge
  • anamolie = Hawaii ~ hotspot
  • anamolie = not all plate boundaries = conservative X!
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46
Q

descirbe how earthquakes are distributed globally

A
  • all plate bounaries
  • human activity + risk ~ mining
  • Pacific Ring of Fire
  • anamolie = Hawaii ~ volcanic hotspot activity
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47
Q

what is actuall meant by the term earthquake

A

the seismic waves felt during plate movement at plate boundaries

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48
Q

define focus of an earthquake

A

the exact point in the Earth’s crust where the earthquake started ~ deeper focus = lower magnitude

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49
Q

define the epicenter of an earthquake

A

the exact point directly above the focus on the Earth’s surface ~ closer to epicenter = higher magnitude felt

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50
Q

why do earthquakes occur

A
  • friction at plate boundaries
  • built up pressure released quickly
  • huge pulses of energy let out
  • Earth’s surface moves violently
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51
Q

what are the 2 scales for measuring an earthquake

A
  • the Richter Scale
  • the Mercalli Scale
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52
Q

what is the Ritcher Scale

A
  • scale from 0-10
  • a logorithmic scale on energy & movement (increased massively per number)
  • measured using seismograph
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53
Q

what are your 2 named examples of an earthquake

A
  • HIC = Chile 2010 ~ 500 dead
  • LIC = Nepal 2015 ~ 9000 dead
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54
Q

compare the GDP of Chile and Nepal

A
  • Chile = 38th / 193
  • Nepal = 109th / 193
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55
Q

give context to the Chile 2010 earthquake

A
  • 8.8 magnitude
  • off coast of central Chile
  • desructive plate margine = deep benioff zone
  • Tsunami warnings
  • 500 dead
  • $30Billion
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56
Q

give context to the Nepal 2015 earthquake

A
  • 7.9 magnitude
  • epicenter 60km NW from capital Kathmandu
  • focus only 8km deep
  • collision plate boundary
  • $5Billion
  • caused avalanches on Everest
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57
Q

give the primary effects of Nepal’s 2015 earthquake

A
  • over 8M affected
  • 3M homeless
  • 7,000 schools destroyed
  • 50% shops destroyed
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58
Q

give the secondary effects of Nepal’s 2015 earthquake

A
  • Avalanches & landsides
  • 19 dead on Mt Everest
  • River blocked = floods
  • tourism declined
  • farmers could not harvest rice for over a year
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59
Q

what was worse for Nepal? the primary or secondary effects & why

A

primary - more deaths and caused social & economic longerm effects - very poor QoL for long time

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60
Q

give the primary effects of Chile’s 2010 earthquake

A
  • over 800,000 affected
  • 220,000 homeless
  • 4500 schools destroyed
  • travel severly impacted
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61
Q

give the secondary effects of Chile’s 2010 earthquake

A
  • tsunami waves devastated several towns
  • fire at chamical plant
  • landslifde destroyed 1500km of roads
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62
Q

what was worse for Chile? the primary or secondary effects & why

A

primary - infrastructure destroyed = social impact, schools destroyed = cannot function as usual, caused deaths ~ secondary = no deaths

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63
Q

give the immediate response of Chile’s 2010 earthquake

A
  • emergnecy services responded quickly
  • international support = field hospitals, floating bridges
  • route 5 temporarily repaired in under a day
  • in 10 days 90% homes had power & water
  • country raised $60M for emegency shelters
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64
Q

give the long term responses of Chile’s 2010 earthquake

A

housing reconstruction plan helped 200,000 families

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65
Q

what was better in Chile? the immediate or long term responses? why?

A

the immediate - helped most citizens at the time, immediately back on feet, long term good too but not as good

66
Q

give the immediate responses of Nepal’s 2015 earthquake

A
  • India & Chine provided $1Billion
  • three helicopters given
  • UK pprovided over 100 rescue responders
  • temporary housing = ‘tent city’
  • Facebook launed a saftey feature
67
Q

give the long term responses of Nepal’s 2015 earthquake

A
  • stricter building codes introduced
  • thousands rehoused
  • over 7000 schools rebuilt
  • repairs in Everest camps
  • many countries donated millions
  • lakes were damed
  • landslides cleared
68
Q

what was better in nepal? the immediate or long term responses? why?

A

longterm - socailly ~ schooling, travel back, economically ~ tourism back, future ~ prevention methods put in place, government helped very little

69
Q

what are the four ways to reduce risk from tectonic hazards

A
  • monitoring
  • prediction
  • planning
  • protection
70
Q

explain how monitoring is used to reduce tectonic hazard risk

A
  • measure gas emitions (sulfure dioxide) from volcanoes
  • GPS measure falling & rising land
  • ground deformation = changes in shape
  • seismographs
  • not availiable globally
71
Q

explain how prediction is used to reduce tectonic hazard risk

A
  • using hisotrical evidence
  • earthquake chains along fault lines
  • radon gas emitted before eruptions
  • seismonitor = fore-shocks
  • earthquakes harder to predict
72
Q

explain how planning is used to reduce tectonic hazard risk

A
  • identifying and avoiding high risk areas
  • volcanic hazard maps
  • procedures practiced ~ under tables etc
  • survival plans
  • specific architecture to withstand hazards
  • not availiable globally = expensive
73
Q

explain how protection is used to reduce tectonic hazard risk

A
  • building embankments to diver lava flow
  • rubber shock absorbers in foundations
  • concrete ring ties on walls
  • latice work frames on building walls
  • more earthquake based ~ expensive
74
Q

what is the global atmospheric circulation model

A

the movement of air along the earth’s surface

75
Q

why is the equator hot

A

the suns energy is concertrated on a small area
there is less atmosphere to travel through
= hotter

76
Q

what is the thermal equator

A

the belt encircling the earth which shifts slightly north and south - creating the seasons

77
Q

what are the three cells of earth

A
  • Hadley cell
  • Ferrel cell
  • Polar cell
78
Q

describe the Hadley cell

A
  • between 0°-30°
  • low pressure at 0° and high pressure at 30°
  • warm, moist air rises at equator
  • air sinks = high pressure causing a desert environment
79
Q

describe what happens at the hadley cell

A
  • warm moist air rises at the equator
  • warm air cools and condenses = clouds and rain = tropics
  • cool, dry air sinks at around 30° N and S
  • The sinking dry air warms and evapourated any available water = deset
  • warming dry air returns back to equator along the surface of the earth
80
Q

describe the Ferrel cell

A
  • between 30°-60°
  • highpressure = 30°, lowpressure = 60°
  • creates the polar front as some air blows towards the poles
  • warm and cold air collide and froces upwards
81
Q

describe the polar cell

A
  • between 60°-90°
  • air is cooled and sinks = cold desert
  • 60° = lowpressure, 90° = highpressure
  • no precipitation
82
Q

what is the coliolis effect

A

when winds curve due to the earth’s rotation

83
Q

what are horse latitudes

A

windless strip of hot, dry air at 30°

84
Q

what are doldrums

A

a band of hot, dry air around the equator - no wind

85
Q

why do we have seasons

A

because the thermal equator moves die to the Earth’s 23.5° tilt throughout the year

86
Q

where are the westerlies

A

surface winds between 30° and 60° north and south

87
Q

where is the polar front

A

surface winds between 60° and 90° north and south

88
Q

where are the southeast trade winds

A

between 0° and 30° south

89
Q

where are the northeast trade winds

A

between 0° and 30° north

90
Q

which direction do westeries go

A

right

91
Q

which direction do trade winds go

A

left

92
Q

which way do polar fronts go

A

right

93
Q

what drives extreme weather events like tropical storms

A

trade winds drive them as the thermal equator moves over more oceans

94
Q

what is used to measure wind speeds

A

anometers

95
Q

is a storm surge a primary or secondary effect

A

secondary

96
Q

what is a storm surge

A

when the sea is pushed onto land by incredibly stron winds

97
Q

what is the difference between a tropical storm, hurrican, cyclone and typhoon

A

location

98
Q

where do tropical storms happen

A

5° - 30° - mostly america - form on the atlantic ocean

99
Q

where do typhoons happen

A

mostly Japan and philipeans - form on the pacific ocean

100
Q

where do cyclones happen

A

India, Sri Lanka, East Africa - form on the Indian Ocean

101
Q

what is the difference between a tropical storm and a tornado

A

tornadoes are on land - tropical storms are water bases and then make land therefore losing engery

102
Q

why can tropical storms not form on the equator

A

due to the coriolis effect = low pressure = air rises = no surface wind

103
Q

what is the name of the scale which measures tropical storms

A

Saffir-Simpson scale

104
Q

what is the Saffir-Simpson scale base on

A

wind speeds
catergory 5 = 157+ mph

105
Q

what is the name of the centre of a tropical storm

A

the eye

106
Q

what is the name of the windy part of the tropcial storm

A

the eye wall

107
Q

is the eye of the storm calm or eratic

A

calm

108
Q

what conditions are needed for a tropical storm to form

A
  • sea temperature about 26°C at 50m deep
  • thunderstorm cluster
  • light wind shear
109
Q

how has and how will distribution of tropical storms change

A
  • sea temps have increased by 0.5°C
  • will move further north and south
  • eg Hurrican Caterina (2004) Brazil’s first catergory 2
110
Q

how has and how will the frequency and magnitude of tropical storms change

A
  • will be less frequent but much higher magnitude
  • from warmer water over ocean
  • can only have one at a time so they will merge and me bigger
111
Q

what are the physical things which impact a tropical storm

A
  • repeated events
  • warmer air
  • relief of land
  • track of strom (over land lots = weak)
  • sea levels rise
  • latitiude
  • urbanisation
112
Q

how can you manage tropical storms through monitoring

A
  • NASA satellites monitor cloud patterns
  • global Hawk drones monitor weather patterns
113
Q

how can you manage tropical storms through prediction

A
  • supercomputers can give 5 day warning
  • track forecast cone can plot the predicted path
  • early warnings issues by national hurrican centre
114
Q

how can you manage tropical storms through protection

A
  • windows, doors and roofs reinforced to stregthen buildings to withstand strong winds
  • storm drains constucted in ubran areas to take away excess rainfall
  • storm shelters created
  • sea walls to weaken storm surge
115
Q

how can you manage tropical storms through planning

A
  • community awareness of how to respond
  • families have plans of action
  • planned evacuation routes
116
Q

what is the tropical storm case study (give details)

A
  • Typhoon Haiyan
  • In the Philippines
  • in November 2013
  • 4th most intense ever recorded
117
Q

which effects were more significant in Typhoon Haiyan primary or secondary

A

primary

118
Q

give the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • more than 10,000 dead
  • 90% of Tacloban completely destroyed
  • 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
  • no power, medicine
119
Q

give the secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • storm surge 15m high
  • 4.1M left homeless
  • flooding resulted in landslides
120
Q

which responses were more significant in Typhoon Haiyan immediate or longterm

A

longterm

121
Q

give the longterm responses to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines

A
  • rebuilding roads, bridges and airports
  • UN donated finacial aid & medical support
  • rice farming & fishing = quickly reestablished
  • more cyclone shelters made
  • thousands of homes rebuilt away from areas at risk from flooding
122
Q

give the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines

A
  • UK government sent shelter kits
  • over 1200 evacutation centres
  • US aircraft carrier and helicopters
  • field hospitals
123
Q

since when has the quaternary period been

A

the last 2.6 million years

124
Q

what are the two types of periods we have flucuated between over the last millions of years

A
  • inter-glacials
  • glacials
125
Q

what are glacials and inter-glacials

A
  • glacials = cold = ice ages
  • inter-glacials = warm
126
Q

how much has the avergae global temperature rises and since when

A

since the 1800s it has riased by 0.85°C

127
Q

what are the three greenhouse gases

A
  • water vapour
  • methane
  • carbon dioxide
128
Q

what usually lasts longer: inter-glacials or glacials

A

glacials

129
Q

what are the three peices of evidence for climate change

A
  • proxies / indirect data (ice cores)
  • shrinking glaciers and melting ice
  • rising sea levels
130
Q

how are proxies / indirect data (ice cores) evidence for climate change

A
  • as snow falls it preserves gases in it
  • scientists can study the oxygen in ocean sediments
  • and they can be accurated dated
131
Q

how are shrinking glaciers and melting ice evidence for climate change

A
  • glaciers are retreating
  • estimated some may disappear by 2035
  • Artic sea ice has thinned by 65% since 1975
132
Q

how is rising sea level evidence for climate change

A
  • average global sea level has risen 10-20cm in the past 100years
  • tempertures increases = water melts = more water flows into sea
  • ocean water warms - expands in volume ~ thermal expansion
  • temperatures rise = rather than snow falling rain is on glacier
133
Q

what are the natural causes of climate change

A
  • volcanic activity
  • solar activity
  • Milankovitch’s orbital cycles
134
Q

what have humans caused to happen in the atmosphere which ahs resulted in more heat and radiation inside the atomosphere

A
  • thicker layer of greenhouse gases
  • = a lot of sun radiation re-absorbed and reflected to earth
135
Q

what are the human causes of climate change

A
  • burning fossil fuels
  • agriculture
  • deforestations
136
Q

describe how volcanic activity causes climate change

A
  • super volcano erupts
  • volcanic ash blocks out the sun = less radiation
  • sulfur dioxide becomes sulfric acid in the air
  • dropletes reflect radiation from sun for a long time
  • leads to a volcanic winter
  • eg 1815 Mount Tambora in Indonesia caused 0.5°C decrease, year without a summer, 200000 dead from loss of crops
137
Q

describe how burning fossil fuels causes climate change

A
  • accounts for 50% of our greenhouse gas emissions
  • coal, oil and gas burnt for electricity, energy, industry
  • releases carbon dioxide = less radiation re-radiated
  • eg 1750 = 30% increase of CO2
138
Q

describe how solar activity causes climate change

A
  • there is an 11 year sun spot cycle
  • sun spots are dark patches on the sun which is maximum radiation
  • more sunspots = warmer from more radiation
  • eg 1645-1715 = very few sunspots = ‘The Little Ice Age’
139
Q

describe how agriculture causes climate change

A
  • accounts for 20% of our gas emissions
  • gas’s are emitted from farming and cooking
  • larger population = higher demand for meat
  • as wealth increases so does diet = more meat
  • therefore more methane produced and more CO2 sinks lost from farming crops
140
Q

describe how deforestation causes climate change

A
  • logging and clearing land for agriculture means deforestation
  • trees are carbon sinks = store CO2
  • trees remove CO2
  • cutting them = less CO2 removed and the CO2 they store is released
  • = more radiation absorbed back by the greenhouse gas layer
141
Q

what are Milankovitch’s orbital cycles

A
  • eccentricity
  • axial tilt
  • precession (complex dont refer to in a 6/9 marker)
142
Q

what is the eccentricity orbital cycle and how does it cause climate change

A
  • it is the shape of earth’s orbit around the earth
  • circular orbits = colder, eliptical orbits = warmer
  • because the earth passes closer to the sun on eliptical orbits
143
Q

what is axial tilt and how does it cause climate change

A
  • there is a 42,000 year cycle of tilts
  • the earth is currently at 23.5°
  • 21° tilt = cold periods
  • 24.5° tilt = warm periods
144
Q

how does climate change effect the environment

A
  • more forest fires
  • warmer rivers = change ecosystems
  • islands will be flooded = kill animals
  • warmer temps = glaciers shrink = loss of habitat
  • increased drought
  • coral reefs bleeching from rising ocean temps
145
Q

how climate change effects the people

A
  • water scarcity
  • more extreme weather = destruction & death = more insurance claims
  • environmental refugees = people forced to migrate = overpopulated elsewhere
  • skiing industry decline ~ less snow
  • some farmers will grow more and some less depedning on location = malnutrition
146
Q

what are the two types of ways of managing climate change

A
  • mitigation
  • adaption
147
Q

give the mitigation ways of managing climate change

A
  • planting trees (afforestation)
  • carbon capture and storage
  • alternative energy production
  • international agreements
148
Q

how does afforestation manage climate change

A
  • trees act as carbon sinks and remove CO2
    • they take a long time to grow
149
Q

how does carbon capture and storage manage climate change

A
  • technology on chimneys of power stations captures 90% of CO2 and stores underground
    • expensive, complicated and only stops CO2
150
Q

how does using an alternative energy production method manage climate change

A
  • uses renewable energy resources rather than the ones which produce greenhouse gases
  • nuclear, wind, solar…
    • everything is built for fossil fuels and renewable resources are not reliable
151
Q

how do international agreements help manage climate change

A
  • countries come together to discuss climate change in a common goal
    • lots of dispute and LICs feel as if they cannot develop
152
Q

give some examples of international agreements to manage climate change

A
  • 2005 kyoto agreement = 170 countries
  • 2015 paris agreement = 195 countries to keep global temps less than 2°C rise - largest producers not involved (russia, USA)
153
Q

give the adaptation ways of managing climate change

A
  • reducing risk
  • changing agriculture
  • managing water supply
154
Q

how does reducing risk manage climate change

A
  • by relocating people and building sea walls, houses on stilts… people are less effected by the results of climate change
    • fresh water supplies will be contaminated by sea water
    • expensive
155
Q

how does changing agriculture manage climate change

A
  • by using different crops types and farming methods plants can be modified to resist impacts of climate change
  • eg drought resistant GM crops
    • expensive and doesnt solve the initial problem
156
Q

how does managing the water supply manage climate change

A
  • by using less water and transporting it to places in deficit then less water is needed
  • use water meters
157
Q

what is the UK weather hazard

A

The Beast from the East, 2018

158
Q

what causes the Beast from the East

A
  • a change to the northern polar jet stream:
  • temps rised in artic and air sinks through the atomsphere
  • cold air brings a chill and picks up moisture resulting in snow
159
Q

give some primary effects of the beast from the east

A
  • 10 killed across country
  • trains cancelled = no business
  • crop & livestock died
  • thousands of schools closed
  • gas deficit warning
160
Q

give some secondary effects of the beast from the east

A
  • hundreds of people trapped in vehicles due to traffic
  • british airways cancelled hundreds of flights
  • rush of supermarket customers
  • many lorries crashed or jack knifed
161
Q

define extreme weather

A

weather that is especially sever / beyond usual weather patterns

162
Q

give the responses to manage the beast from the east

A
  • stranded drivers were given foil blankets
  • gritters and snow ploughs sent out]
  • greggs gave out free food to stranded drivers
  • ‘red warnings’ issuedd by met office
  • army called to help

Geography (11 decks)

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