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Geography > Human paper section C questions 4 = food (paper 2) > Flashcards

Human paper section C questions 4 = food (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the global pattern of food consumption

A
  • access to food varies significantly across world
  • USA and many European countries consume most because countries produce high outputs of food through intensive farming
  • although Chille, Egypt are both high in comparison to their surrounding areas
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2
Q

what is meant by the term ‘food security’

A

when people have access to enough safe, affordable, nutritious food to maintain healthy lifestyle

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3
Q

give reasons for the increasing demand for food

A
  • growing populations = 80M more / year to feed
  • growing development = people afford more food and have more varies diets
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4
Q

explain how climate can impact upon food supplies

A
  • warming by 0.2°C each decade
  • extreme weather events are more common and stronger = longer droughts = crops fail and livestock die
  • land is less fertile from build up of salts in soil
  • increased temperature supports weeds and pests = reduces productivity
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5
Q

explain how technology can impact upon food supplies

A
    • in HICs, mechanisation has increased food production and efficiency
    • LICS cannot afford to invest in machinery and infrastructure
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6
Q

explain how pests and disease can lead to food insecurity

A
  • increased global temps = pests spred further N & S from tropics
  • LICs have hotter climates = encourage spread & do not have funds for pesticides
  • therefore cattles suffer from fevers, AIDs ad Malaria = fewer people to work = food insecurity
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7
Q

explain how water stress can lead to food insecurity

A
  • estimated by 2030, 50% of world = water stress
  • LICs are more likely ~ it is hotter & high pop density and floods pollute the water
  • HICs have money to invest in technology
  • not enough water = cannot keep livestock alive and water plants
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8
Q

explain how conflict can lead to food insecurity

A
  • crops and livestock destroyed in war = famine and death
  • farmers become soldiers & abandon fields = no food
  • families forces to flee elsewhere = more people to feed
  • food is stolen by soldiers so they can fight
  • eg Somalia
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9
Q

explain how poverty can impact upon food supply

A
  • cycle of poverty is down the generation
  • they cannot afford food
  • so they are weak and malnurished and undernursihed
  • unable to work from that
    so…
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10
Q

what is the difference between malnutrition and under-nutrition

A
  • malnutrition is when citizens eat less than 2000 calories a day
  • whereas undernutrition is when citizens have a poorly balanced diet
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11
Q

what is meant by the term ‘famine’

A

the widespread scarcity of food

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12
Q

what causes a famine

A
  • rising prices (influenced by HICs)
  • conflic and social urest
  • environment & location = drought / monsoon
  • demand greater than supply = overpopulated
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13
Q

explain how famine impacts upon the conomy of a country

A
  • = undernurishment, malnurishment & starvation
  • = weakened immune system = illness = noone to work
  • country has no workers to produce food or to work for the country
  • citizens who are healthy end up paying more for food than for the economy
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14
Q

when does soil erosion occur

A

when the fertile top layer of soil is removed - farmers causes it as they try to increase the yielf od food from land

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15
Q

what are the main causes of soil erosion

A
  • overgrazing and damage by cattle = less plants to hold soil together
  • over-cultivation = land isn’t given time to reset and replenish its nutrients = less fertille to support plant life
  • deforestation = destroys root structure that holds soil together
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16
Q

why is the price of food increasing across the world

A
  • food shortages = deficiet and increasing prices
  • fertilisers and animals cost more so have to charge more
  • impacts LICs more as cannot afford = undernourished
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17
Q

how does food insecurity lead to social unrest

A
  • food supply is short and people have to fight to survive
  • in 2008 and 2011 shortages from rised prices = 60 riots across the world in protest
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18
Q

what is meant by the term ‘cash crop’

A

when crops are grown for porfit to meet luxuray of HICs rather than to sustain the population - eg palm oil

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19
Q

explain why governement might decide to focus of production of cash crops rather than ensuring the population has sufficient food to remain healthy

A
  • more focused on the economy
  • therefore dissmiss the wellbeing of the country
  • however they do not spend these profits on beneficial things for the country
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20
Q

what is the large scale agricultural development example

A

almeria in spain - improved infrastucture and more

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21
Q

what is irrigation

A

artificial watering of land from rivers, lakes and aquifiers

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22
Q

what is the main benefit from irrigation

A

increases production from 100% to 400%

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23
Q

where does irrigation most common

A

HICs - Europe and North America ~ climate and money

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24
Q

distinguish between drip irrigation and flood irrigation

A
  • drip irrigation = slowly adding water via pipes - controlled by a computer
  • flood irrigation = crops are planted in a fooding natural or atificial lake - the field is completely submerged
25
Q

explain how irrigation can damage the environment

A
  • when large scale commercial schemes are built, poorer people are pushed off their land
  • lack of adequate drainage can lead to the soil becoming waterlogged = build up of salts and minerals in the soils = salinisation
26
Q

what is aeroponics

A

plants are suspending in the air in a green house = they do not come into contact with soil ~ nutrient rich water sprawyed at roots

27
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of using aeroponics as a way to produce crops on a large scale

A
    • plants are easily maintained & grow faster
    • less use of chemicals & of water and nutrients as leftovers are collected and reused
    • less space is required = plants can be stacked
    • seasonal produce all year round
    • relies on nitrient-missing system ~ if it breaks then plant dies
    • requires knowledge of technology & nutrient mix
    • creates warm, moist environment = contamination
    • expensive to set up and run
28
Q

what is hydroponics

A

plants are grown in a material other than soil such as sand, sawdust, pebbles or on a fibre mat

29
Q

what are the advantages of using hydrophonics to produce crops on a large scale

A
  • plants grow faster = bigger yield = more profit
  • uses less water
  • less space required
  • crops can be fresher - transported in water
  • can control speed of growth = bigger yield
30
Q

outline two aims of the new green revolution

A
  • focus on sustainability and communitry by inreasing amount of crops and improving their nutritional contents
  • to protect the soil and water sources - conserve biodiversity & support farming communities
31
Q

outline two strategies used to increase crop yield during the New Green Revolution

A
  • water harvesting = collecting & stored rainwater for later use
  • invest in science and tech to develop seeds that can withstand drought and disease
  • invest in transport systems in rural areas & provided affordavle credit to farmers
31
Q

what does HYV stand for

A

high yield variety

32
Q

biotechnology is used in farming to genetically modify plants and animals. Outline three reasons for genetically modifying crops

A
  • improving the nutritional content of crops
  • creating drought-resistant & salt-resistant crops which can be grown in poorer conditions
  • creating disease resistant and insect-repellent crops
32
Q

explain why some people are concerned about the use of biotechnology in farming

A

concerns it may effect environmental & human health

33
Q

what is meant by the term ‘appropriate technology’

A

involves matching technology to the local level of economic development and using skills and resources that are available to the local community

34
Q

explain why appropriate technology is essential in terms of achieving sustainable food production in LICs

A

high tech solutions are too expensive and complex for LICs farmers to implement

35
Q

your example of a large scale agricultureal development is Almeria in Spain. explainwhy this area is suitable for the intensive production of salad crops

A
  • in SE spain with arid climate (avg temp = 20°C)
  • flat land = cheaper & quicker to build on
  • greenhouses been built over 26,000 Hectars - used to grown out-of-season fruit and veg
  • consistent reliable weather = out of season farming
  • coastal = easily accessable
36
Q

outline two economic impacts of the large scale agricultural development in Almeria

A
  • employment for locals & migrant workforce
  • quaterary high paying jobs available
37
Q

outline two social impacts of the large scale agricultural development in Almeria

A
  • infrasturcture has been improved
  • workers live in poor conditions & low wages
38
Q

outline two environmental imoacts of the large scale agricultural development in Almeria

A
  • plastic sheeting for green hourse - problem
  • natural resources for water are running out
39
Q

evalutate the extent to which the large scale agricultural development in Almeria has been a success

A

+ 50% of Europes fruit and veg is grown there = $1.5B
+ cheap workforce
+ HICs food prices kept down
- - huge en, so & env costs:
-pesticides & fertilisers leaking out
-socail division & inequality
-using the water of area = locals miss out
-need specialist technology
-poor working conditions

40
Q

what is the example of a local cheme to increase sustainable food supplies (LIC)

A

Jamalpur in Bangladesh

41
Q

what is meant by the term ‘sustainable food production’

A

increases food supplies in a way that protects the land and other natural resources so that food supplies can be maintained for future generations

42
Q

what is ‘permaculture’

A

a type of agriculture = produces food using methods that work with nature

43
Q

what is organic farming

A

growing crops or rearing livestock without the use of chemicals - natural fertilisers instead of chemicals

44
Q

what is urban farming

A

the production of food around settlements like in New York rooftop gardens

45
Q

suggest three reasons why urban farming is becoming more popular

A
  • in generates jobs in deprived areas
  • brightens up the environment
  • affract wildlife to the area
46
Q

give three reasons why intensive meat farming is unsustainable

A
  • lots of energy is needed for infoor rearing of animals
  • hormones and concerntrated feed are used to promote rapid growth
  • large amounts of waste needs to be safely removed without polluting the environment
47
Q

what are the main patterns in global fishing since 1950

A
  • 65% of high seas have been fished
  • overtime 85% of species have been overexploited or collapsed
48
Q

give three reasons why intensive fish farming is unsustainable

A
  • leads to water pollution from use of chemicals, antibiotics and vaccines
  • have impacts on larger marine ecosystems
  • lead to spread of disease in wild fish populations
49
Q

give three ways in which fish farming can be amdde more sustainable

A
  • setting fish quotas
  • returning immature fish to the sea
  • monitoring fish breeding grounds
50
Q

outline one environmental benefit of season produce

A

reduces food miles & our carbon footprint while supporting local farmers and communities as out of season produce must be imported

51
Q

what is seasonal produce

A

food production and consumption that follows natural seasonal cycle

52
Q

why is so much food wasted in places like the UK

A
  • average family wastes £700 of food/year
  • HICs have more income = spend more on food = can afford to waste more food
53
Q

how does food waste differ from food loss

A
  • waste = food is thrown away after it has reached customer
  • loss = food is thrown away before it reaches customer ~ poor transport/storage
54
Q

outline three ways in which households can reduce their food waste

A
  • plan meals = only buying what is needed
  • use left overs
  • store food correctly
55
Q

your example of a local scheme in a LIC that ahs been used to increase sustainable food supplies in Jamalpur in Bangladesh. Describe what is being done in Jamalpur to increase food supplies

A
  • introduced rice-fish culture (with help of charity)
  • fish are protected by rice plants from predators
  • the fish provide natural fertilisers
  • the fish eat insects
  • the fish help circulate oxygen around rice plants
  • rice production increased by 10%
  • no chemicals needed = saves money
  • fish and rice can be harvested to eat
56
Q

to what extent is rice-fish culture in Jamalpur (Bangladesh) sustainable

A

signifcantly:
- small scale = suited to the community
- provides space for rice and fish = saves money to be spent else where
- relatively simple construction once site indentified

Geography (11 decks)

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