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Urban Issues and Challenges (paper2) Flashcards

1
Q

define urbanisation

A

when an increasing proportion of people live in towns/cities

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2
Q

In what type of countries does urbanisation occur most

A

Low Income Countries
Newly Emerging Economies

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3
Q

what are the global trends of urbanisation

A
  • urban populations increasing more than rural
  • every continent has increasing urbanisation
  • Africa & Asia are fastest
  • The US is beginning to level out
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4
Q

define megacity

A

a city with +10million population

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5
Q

what is an example of a megacity

A

mumbai

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6
Q

What are the causes of urbanisation

A
  • natural increase
  • rural-urban migration
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7
Q

what are the pull factors for rural to urban migration

A
  • more well paid jobs
  • better services (running water, electricity)
  • public transport
  • higher standard of living
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8
Q

what are the push factors for rural to urban migration

A
  • farming is poorly paid
  • draugh & climate hazards
  • too isolated
  • lack of healthcare and education
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9
Q

where is Mumbai located

A

On the western coast of India, the capital of the Maharastra state

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10
Q

desribe Mumbai

A
  • overly populated
  • slums
  • trans national cooporations
  • high-cost environment
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11
Q

desribe the growth of mumbai

A

rapid growth over the last 50years industrially, commercially & tourism, attracting international migrants

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12
Q

what are the pull factors to Mumbai

A
  • informal economy = no taxes paid
  • 85% employment rate = job opportunities
  • very little crime rate = security
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13
Q

what are the push factors from Mumbai

A
  • sanitation
  • unaffordable housing
  • monsoon season
  • waste
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14
Q

what are the two social opportunities for mumbai

A
  • healthcare
  • education
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15
Q

explain the opportunity of healthcare for mumbai

A

sion hospital has grown from 50 beds in 1950 to over 1400 beds today
= more healthcare avaliable

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16
Q

explain the opportunity of education for mumbai

A

the Maharastra states provides free education until the age of 16
= better literacy rates

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17
Q

what are the two economic opportunities for mumbai

A
  • informal economy + employment rate is high
  • major industrial centre
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18
Q

explain the opportunity of the informal economy and high employment rates for mumbai

A

80% of population are emplyed and go untaxed
= more income and jobs

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19
Q

explain the opportunity of major industrial center for mumbai

A

10% of all India’s industrial jobs are located in Mumbai
= more job opportunity and income

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20
Q

what are the challenges economically for mumbai

A
  • unemployment & crime
  • managing urban growth
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21
Q

explain unemployment & crime affecting mumbai

A

children sort through rubbish dumps as informal encomy jobs
= impacts health and education

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22
Q

explain urban growth affecting mumbai

A

there are more than 1M people in the slum Dharavi = 340,000 people/square km
= not enough good quality homes

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23
Q

what are the socail challenges for Mumbai

A
  • education access
  • healthcare access
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24
Q

explain how education access effects mumbai

A

the state only provides education until 16, degrees must be payed for to attain
= no specialists

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25
explain how healthcare access effects mumbai
90% of hosipitals are private so if you do not have money then you will struggle to get treated
26
what are the enviromental challenges for mumbai
- sanitation (water & waste) - traffic congestion = pollution
27
explain sanitation effecting mumbai
77% of households suffer with poor water quality, leading to waterborne diseases the river methi receives 800M tonnes of untreated sewage
28
explain traffic congestion effecting mumbai as a challenge
1.8 M cars block the streets a day this means that there are a lot of dangerous gases from all these cars polluting the air and increasing cancer risk
29
what is the main squatte settlement in Mumbai
Dharavi
30
what is vision mumbai
the urban planning strategy to solve mumbai's worsening quality of life
31
what is quality of life
measure of development in 4 different measures: - economic ~ income, job security - physical ~ diet/nutriation, resources - social ~ family, friends, education - phychological ~ happiness, freedom
32
how has vision mumbai improved quality of life
- by 2015 72 new trains were introduced - 300 extra public toilets - in 2015 measures introduced to improve air quality - CCTV to improve security - piper water and sewage systems introduced
33
what was the governments idea to redevelop Dharavi
to demolish it and set up good, afoordable housing
34
did the governments Dharavi plan work, explain
200,000 people were moved and only 350 were rehoused due to gentrification
35
what is gentrification
poor areas get redeveloped and become unaffordable for the people who orriginally lived there
36
what are the reasons for high population in Birmingham
- industrial - airports - trade via rivers - mix of land use - job opportunities - flat landscape
37
what are the reasons for low population in the scottish highladns
- limited job opportunities - poor transport links - lack of healthcare and education - mountainous landscape - poor infrasructure
38
what is a major city in the UK
Birmingham
39
what is Bimingham's national importance
- major universitys - culteral hotspots - GDP outpassed by London by only 4% - rising young population
40
what is birmingham's international importance
- 2022 common wealth games - international airport with direct flights - trans national cooprotations (HSBC, Cadbury, JLR)
41
why is birmingham growing rapidly
- natural increase (younger population) - national migration (studentification) - international migration (manufactoring)
42
what is the impact of migration on Birmingham's character
- larger culteral mix - youthful population - fast paced atmosphere
43
what are the opportunities for migration for birmingham
- employment EC - entertianment (shops, sport) SO - recreation SO - intergrated transport system EC - cultral mix SO - urban greening EN
44
explain how employment opportunities help Birmingham
- 31 companies - 200 law firms - many retial jobs
45
explain how trnasport improvements help Birmingham
- increased connectivity - easy commuting - congestion charges - pathways
46
explain how urban greening helps birmingham
- more attraction - encourages social interaction (east side city park)
47
explain how recreation & entertainment help birmingham
- Bullring - hippodrome - mailbox - restaurants - broadstreet - sports
48
explain how a greater culteral mix helps birmingham
- bulti triangle - china town - eastern european migration = tourism, languages, food
49
what are the challenges for birmingham
- inequalities in housing education and employment SO - urban deprivation SO EC - waste and water disposal SO EN - building on brown and green field sites EC - dereliction on buildings EN
50
explain the difficulties surrounding inequality within birmingham
- education inequality - housing inequality - income inequality - health care access 17000 people are homes less Average people without qualifications is 5% higher than nation average
51
what is the IMD
the index of multiple deprivation
52
what percent of people live in the most deprived areas of birmingham
40%
53
explain the difficulties surrounding deprivation and unemployment
- poor income - umemployment = spiral of decline = living conditions fall & people move - litter - crime - poor quality housing
54
to what extent has birmingham city cousil managed waste
- in 2014 over 52,000 tonnes was recycled, composted or diverted - collention points across birmingham - recycable waste is taken to specially built recycling centres - materials are re-used
55
what are the sollutions put in place for air pollution
- old vehicals pay £8 a day in the city centre - protected cycle and bus lanes - planed new local railways - electric scooters and bikes for hire
56
what is a brownfield site
a site that has been previously built on
57
what is a greenfield site
a site that has not been built on
58
what are the positives and negatives about brownfield sites
+ prevents uneccesary urbanisation + all infrastructure is there + accessable - more expensive from previous industial use (petrol contamination) - site might not match the development plans (size, shape)
59
what are the positives and negatives about greenfield sites
+ cheaper land + less deprived areas + near motorways for bussiness access - less wildlife and ecology - increase traffic congestion - no infrastructure = expensive - pollution - aestetics - leads to urban sprawl
60
what is an example of a solution to deinstustrialisation
aston pride
61
how much has aston pride invested
£5 million
62
how has aston pride helped the community in aston
- environment = 24% less rubbish - education = reconstruction of broadway school - employment = mobile employment hub in bus - health = purpose built health centre - safety = PDU developed
63
what is the global importance of a major NEE city
Mumbai - 40% of India's exports come from the city and it has the busiest international airport
64
what is the national importance of a major NEE city
Mumbai - 1/6 of India's GDP comes from Mumbai, it has 10unis
65
what is the regional importance of a major NEE cuty
Mumbai - produces 200 bollywood films a year, 40% of Maharastra state GDP

Geography (11 decks)

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