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Geography > Urban Issues and Challenges (paper2) > Flashcards

Urban Issues and Challenges (paper2) Flashcards

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1
Q

define urbanisation

A

when an increasing proportion of people live in towns/cities

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2
Q

In what type of countries does urbanisation occur most

A

Low Income Countries
Newly Emerging Economies

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3
Q

what are the global trends of urbanisation

A
  • urban populations increasing more than rural
  • every continent has increasing urbanisation
  • Africa & Asia are fastest
  • The US is beginning to level out
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4
Q

define megacity

A

a city with +10million population

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5
Q

what is an example of a megacity

A

mumbai

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6
Q

What are the causes of urbanisation

A
  • natural increase
  • rural-urban migration
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7
Q

what are the pull factors for rural to urban migration

A
  • more well paid jobs
  • better services (running water, electricity)
  • public transport
  • higher standard of living
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8
Q

what are the push factors for rural to urban migration

A
  • farming is poorly paid
  • draugh & climate hazards
  • too isolated
  • lack of healthcare and education
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9
Q

where is Mumbai located

A

On the western coast of India, the capital of the Maharastra state

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10
Q

desribe Mumbai

A
  • overly populated
  • slums
  • trans national cooporations
  • high-cost environment
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11
Q

desribe the growth of mumbai

A

rapid growth over the last 50years industrially, commercially & tourism, attracting international migrants

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12
Q

what are the pull factors to Mumbai

A
  • informal economy = no taxes paid
  • 85% employment rate = job opportunities
  • very little crime rate = security
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13
Q

what are the push factors from Mumbai

A
  • sanitation
  • unaffordable housing
  • monsoon season
  • waste
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14
Q

what are the two social opportunities for mumbai

A
  • healthcare
  • education
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15
Q

explain the opportunity of healthcare for mumbai

A

sion hospital has grown from 50 beds in 1950 to over 1400 beds today
= more healthcare avaliable

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16
Q

explain the opportunity of education for mumbai

A

the Maharastra states provides free education until the age of 16
= better literacy rates

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17
Q

what are the two economic opportunities for mumbai

A
  • employment
  • major industrial centre
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18
Q

explain the opportunity of employment for mumbai

A

80% of population are emplyed and go untaxed
= more income and jobs

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19
Q

explain the opportunity of major industrial center for mumbai

A

10% of all India’s industrial jobs are located in Mumbai
= more job opportunity and income

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20
Q

what are the challenges economically for mumbai

A
  • unemployment & crime
  • managing urban growth
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21
Q

explain unemployment & crime affecting mumbai

A

children sort through rubbish dumps as informal encomy jobs
= impacts health and education

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22
Q

explain urban growth affecting mumbai

A

there are more than 1M people in the slum Dharavi = 340,000 people/square km
= not enough good quality homes

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23
Q

what are the socail challenges for Mumbai

A
  • education access
  • healthcare access
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24
Q

explain how education access effects mumbai

A

the state only provides education until 16, degrees must be payed for to attain
= no specialists

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25
Q

explain how healthcare access effects mumbai

A

90% of hosipitals are private so if you do not have money then you will struggle to get treated

26
Q

what are the enviromental challenges for mumbai

A
  • sanitation (water & air pollution)
  • waste disposal
27
Q

explain sanitation effecting mumbai

A

77% of households suffer with poor water quality, leading to waterborne diseases
the river methi receives 800M tonnes of untreated sewage

28
Q

explain waste disposal effecting mumbai

A

disposal is left to small businesses so much litter, and bodily waste is left around the streets

29
Q

what is the main squatte settlement in Mumbai

A

Dharavi

30
Q

what is vision mumbai

A

the urban planning strategy to solve mumbai’s worsening quality of life

31
Q

what is quality of life

A

measure of development in 4 different measures:
- economic ~ income, job security
- physical ~ diet/nutriation, resources
- social ~ family, friends, education
- phychological ~ happiness, freedom

32
Q

how has vision mumbai improved quality of life

A
  • by 2015 72 new trains were introduced
  • 300 extra public toilets
  • in 2015 measures introduced to improve air quality
  • CCTV to improve security
  • piper water and sewage systems introduced
33
Q

what was the governments idea to redevelop Dharavi

A

to demolish it and set up good, afoordable housing

34
Q

did the governments Dharavi plan work, explain

A

200,000 people were moved and only 350 were rehoused
due to gentrification

35
Q

what is gentrification

A

poor areas get redeveloped and become unaffordable for the people who orriginally lived there

36
Q

what are the reasons for high population in London

A
  • industrial
  • airports
  • trade via rivers
  • mix of land use
  • job opportunities
  • flat landscape
37
Q

what are the reasons for low population in the scottish highladns

A
  • limited job opportunities
  • poor transport links
  • lack of healthcare and education
  • mountainous landscape
  • poor infrasructure
38
Q

what is a major city in the UK

A

Birmingham

39
Q

what is Bimingham’s national importance

A
  • major universitys
  • culteral hotspots
  • GDP outpassed by London by only 4%
  • rising young population
40
Q

what is birmingham’s international importance

A
  • 2022 common wealth games
  • international airport with direct flights
  • trans national cooprotations (HSBC, Cadbury, JLR)
41
Q

why is birmingham growing rapidly

A
  • natural increase (younger population)
  • national migration (studentification)
  • international migration (manufactoring)
42
Q

what is the impact of migration on Birmingham’s character

A
  • larger culteral mix
  • youthful population
  • fast paced atmosphere
43
Q

what are the opportunities for migration for birmingham

A
  • employment
  • entertianment (shops, sport)
  • intergrated transport system
  • cultral mix
  • urban greening
44
Q

explain how employment opportunities help Birmingham

A
  • 31 companies
  • 200 law firms
  • many retial jobs
45
Q

explain how trnasport improvements help Birmingham

A
  • increased connectivity
  • easy commuting
  • congestion charges
  • pathways
46
Q

explain how urban greening helps birmingham

A
  • more attraction
  • encourages social interaction
    (east side city park)
47
Q

explain how recreation & entertainment help birmingham

A
  • Bullring
  • hippodrome
  • mailbox
  • restaurants
  • broadstreet
  • sports
48
Q

explain how a greater culteral mix helps birmingham

A
  • bulti triangle
  • china town
  • eastern european migration
    = tourism, languages, food
49
Q

what are the challenges for birmingham

A
  • inequality within Birmingham
  • deprivation & unemployment
  • waste disposal
  • air pollution
  • dereliction ~ brownfield and greenfield sites
50
Q

explain the difficulties surrounding inequality within birmingham

A
  • education inequality
  • housing inequality
  • income inequality
  • health care access
51
Q

what is the IMD

A

the index of multiple deprivation

52
Q

what percent of people live in the most deprived areas of birmingham

A

40%

53
Q

explain the difficulties surrounding deprivation and unemployment

A
  • poor income
  • umemployment = spiral of decline = living conditions fall & people move
  • litter
  • crime
  • poor quality housing
54
Q

to what extent has birmingham city cousil managed waste

A
  • in 2014 over 52,000 tonnes was recycled, composted or diverted
  • collention points across birmingham
  • recycable waste is taken to specially built recycling centres
  • materials are re-used
55
Q

what are the sollutions put in place for air pollution

A
  • old vehicals pay £8 a day in the city centre
  • protected cycle and bus lanes
  • planed new local railways
  • electric scooters and bikes for hire
56
Q

what is a brownfield site

A

a site that has been previously built on

57
Q

what is a greenfield site

A

a site that has not been built on

58
Q

what are the positives and negatives about brownfield sites

A

+ prevents uneccesary urbanisation
+ all infrastructure is there
+ accessable
- more expensive from previous industial use (petrol contamination)
- site might not match the development plans (size, shape)

59
Q

what are the positives and negatives about greenfield sites

A

+ cheaper land
+ less deprived areas
+ near motorways for bussiness access
- less wildlife and ecology
- increase traffic congestion
- no infrastructure = expensive
- pollution
- aestetics
- leads to urban sprawl

60
Q

what is an example of a solution to deinstustrialisation

A

aston pride

61
Q

how much has aston pride invested

A

£5 million

62
Q

how has aston pride helped the community in aston

A
  • environment = 24% less rubbish
  • education = reconstruction of broadway school
  • employment = mobile employment hub in bus
  • health = purpose built health centre
  • safety = PDU developed

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