The development gap (paper 2) Flashcards
1
Q
define development
A
Development is any improvement in the standard of living of people in a specific country. Social and economic indicators are used to measure a country’s level of development
2
Q
define GNI
A
gross national income - total value of everything produced by a country and the income the residants recieve
3
Q
define GDP
A
Gross dependant product - looks at the production level of an economy, measuring its size and growth rate
4
Q
define HIC
A
High income country
5
Q
Give an example of a high income country
A
UK, Japan, USA
6
Q
define LIC
A
low income country
7
Q
give and example of a low income country
A
democratic republic of congo, ethiopia
8
Q
define NEE
A
newly emergy economy - countries that have recently industrailised
9
Q
Give and example of a NEE
A
brazil, russia, india, mexico
10
Q
How do you remember the NEEs
A
BRICS MINT
11
Q
What does BRICS MINT stand for
A
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South africa
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
12
Q
define quality of life
A
A social measure of development, refering to how ‘happy’ a person is with their life
13
Q
What are the social development indicators
A
- income
- life expectancy
- freedom of speech
- women’s rights
- litracy rates
14
Q
define standard of living
A
An economic measure of deveopment, how much someone owns on average
15
Q
how do you measure standard of living
A
GPD per capita
16
Q
What does HDI stand for
A
human development index
17
Q
What does the HDI do
A
uses three indecators to give each country a score between 0 and 1 and then ranks all countries based on their level of human development
18
Q
What does HDI rank the countries off
A
their level of human deveoplent
19
Q
summerise HDI
A
a composite indicator that look at life expectancy, years in education and GNI per head
20
Q
What are the 3 indiactors the HDI uses
A
- life expectancy
- years in education
- GNI per head
21
Q
What is a composite measure
A
something that uses more than one thing to measure something
22
Q
What are the benefits of using a composite measure of development
A
- more than one point of reference ~ you get the whole picture
- the one unti of measure could be bad (war/disease)
- countries will struggle to lie about more than one unit
23
Q
what are the main reasons population changes
A
- agricultrural & industrial change
- urbanization
- education
- status of women
24
Q
How can agriculture and industrial change affect population
A
- as a ocuntry develops technology advances
- farming is quicker and easier so less employees needed
- most people work in farming in LIC
- children are no longer needed to work
25
How can urbanization affect population
- people move to city for work where there is less space to have families
- greater life expectancy and health care ~ people survive birth
- more expensive housing cuases people to not want families
26
How can education affect population
- more knowledge of family planning
- if you want your child to have better education families have less children to invest more
- knowing about hygiene and safety
- good education -> better job -> less kids needed to work
27
how can status of women affect population
- more woman are focusing on the own life and have kids later
- more opportunities so they want to have kids later
- family planning and contraception
- empowerment allows women to decide if they themselevs want kids
- increase in medical staff
28
What is brith rate predicted to do in stage 5 of the demographic transition model
decrease
29
What is death rate predicted to do in stage 5 of the demographic transition model
increase
30
why does death rate decrease so dramatically in stage 2/3
it represents industrilisation
31
What would a population pyramid of a stage 1 country look like
- concave sides
- high birth rate
- high death rate
- short life expectancy
32
What would a population pyramid of a stage 2 country look like
- straight sides
- high birth rate
- falling death rate
- slightly longer life expectancy
33
What would a population pyramid of a stage 3 country look like
- convex sides
- deciling BR
- low death rate
- long life expectancy
34
What would a population pyramid of a stage 4 country look like
- convex sides
- very low birth rate
- low death rate
- longer life expectancy
35
What is a high dependancy ratio
When the dependants (0-16, 65+) are more than the working number
36
What is a low dependacy ratio
when there is a good amount of workers to dependant (0-16, 65+)
37
What are the sides like on this population pyramid
concave
38
What are the sides like on this population pyramid
convex
39
What are lifestyle diseases
medical conditions or illnesses which people develop off of their surrounds and life style (diabetes)
40
Why do you find more lisfestyle diseases in HICs
- people have more access to processed foods and sweets
- advanced technology (phones, cars) people don't get out of the house
- people don't have very active jobs ~ they sit behind a desk or counter
41
What are the three causes for uneven development
- physical causes
- economic causes
- historical causes
42
what are physical cuases of uneven development
- climate ~ food production, illness
- natural disasters ~ need country to be rebuilt
- location ~ land locked
- natural resources ~ water, oil, soil
43
what are economic causes of uneven development
- no industrilisation
- no job avaliablity
- unequal trade
44
what is unequal trade
where LICs trade for little to HICs and then the HICs manufactor them and sell them at a higher price
45
what are historical causes of uneven development
- no industrial past
- disagreements between countries
- past war
- impact of colonisation
46
how does colonisation impact uneven development
- the country fights for independence
- there is no clear leader ~ conflict and war
47
what is your case study for a newly emerging economy for change in economic world
Nigeria
48
what is the capital of nigeria
Abuja
49
what is the largest city in nigeria
Lagos
50
Where in the world is nigeria
- Located in Africa
- 9degrees north
- boarderd by chad, cameroon, benin and niger
51
what is nigeria's highest peak called
Chappel Wadi
52
what is the river in nigeria called
river niger
53
describe the different biomes in nigeria
- in the north it is semi-desert / grassland so less populated
- south is tropical although has deforestation so higher populated
54
give some reasons for nigeria's global importance
- NEE so it is experiencing rapid economic growth
- the world's highest average GDP growth from 2010-2015
- 21st largest economy
- 12th largest oil producer
- 5th largest contributor to UN peace keeping missions
55
give some reasons for nigeria's regional importance
- youthful population who are educated = boosted secondary and tertiary sector jobs
- in 2014, had highest GDP in Africa
- 70% is employed in the primary sector
- nigeria is the leading way for the rest of Africa
56
what is the disadvantage of 70% of the population working in farming
there are lower earning prices and prices fluctuate as workers are exploited or crops are ruined causing economic ruin
57
what is the HDI for nigeria
0.548
58
compare social development in the UK and Nigeria
despite Nigeria being much bigger and more populated than the UK, it is much less developed
- Nigeria has poor health care (Infant mortality = 73)
- UK has good, free health care (IMR = 12)
- nigeria has poor education (literacy = 61%)
- UK has advanced, free education (literacy = 99%)
The UK's free healthcare and education means that there is better family planning and QoL which allows them to live better
59
describe Nigeria's social background
- multi-faith country = Christianity, Islam, traditional african
- over 500 ethnic groups ~ although caused conflict in the past = 3yr civil war
- High birth rate but low life epectancy
- 38% use the internet
- 61% can read and write
60
describe nigeria's culteral background
- nigerian music is enjoyed across afirca = WizKid
- Nollywood is the 2nd largest film industry = 1000 films per year
- well-known authors eg. Chinua Achebe
- strong football team, have won African cup of nations 3 times
61
describe Nitgeria's political background
- during the 19th and 20th century governed by UK in British empire, independence in 1960s
- civil war 1967-1970 = widespread corruption and no development
- 21st century = new, stable, fair gov
62
describe Nigeria's envrionmental background
- South = high temp & rainfall ~ more crop eg. rubber, cocoa
- teste fly = lethal to livestock
- central = wetter woodland = densly populated
- north = grazing animals and growing crop eg. cotton
63
which enconomic sector is in the north of Nigeria
primary = agriculture due to savana environment
64
why do more farmers locate near the Jos Plateau than the semi-desert in Nigeria
- it is cooler and wetter so higher precipitation and cooler temperatures
- allows crop to grow and trhive better
- better conditions for animals to grow and live
65
why is it hard to graze cattle in south Nigeria
- it is both very hot and wet
- causes lots of tsetse fly = leathal parasites
66
what are Nigeria's main exports
- crude oil
- natural gas
- cotton
- coca
67
what are Nigeria's main imports
- rice
- wheat
- cars
- mobiles
68
why are the number of phones increasing in demand in Nigeria
communication advancemnet and new finacial secotrs require phones to do their jobs
69
give an example of trade in Nigeria
India is Nigeria's biggest customer of crude oil
70
give 3 reasons why Nigeria's economy is changing rapidly
- less people are imployed due to mechanicisation so less people are needed to work on land
- industrialisation and economic growth means more people are needed to work in secondary, manufacotry industry
- growth of communication and tech means more people are needed to work in tertiary jobs
71
what does TNC stand for
trans-national corperation
72
what are TNCS
companies that have offices and facotries in serveral countries
73
why are TNCs attracted to LICs/NEEs
- tax incentives
- cheaper labour
- less strict environmental laws
- access to wider market
74
how many TNCs operate in Nigeria and from where are they based
40 TNCs most originating from USA and Europe
75
how is access to wider markets good for TNCs
allows them to groq their business by selling to a greater number of people
76
how are tax incentives an advantage for TNCs
different countries have different tax rates so NEEs/LICs will cost them less tax so they save more profit
77
how are laxer environmental laws an advantage for TNCs
less strict environmental laws allow TNCs to exploit and get raw materials from the land cheaper as they do not have to worry about the environment so they have more money
78
how is cheaper labour an advantage for TNCs
cheaper work force means that less money have to be given to staff, allowing TNCs to spend it elsewhere and keep more profit
79
what are advantages of TNCs in NEEs/LICs
- provides employment for host country
- companies provide expensive machinery and modern technology
- TNC will help build infrastructure in country
- may create products cheaper than local businesses
- provides new products for host country
- TNC will make use of local industries
80
what are disadvantages of TNCs in NEEs/LICs
- local workers are exploited with long hours and minimal breaks
- government grants could have been used to alleviate poverty instead of attracting TNCs
- working conditions are to a poor standard
- local workers are poorly paid
- much profit earned will return to TNC's home country
- TNC has all the power as decisions are not made by country
- insufficient attention paid to heath and safety in factories and the enivronemnetal impact
81
what are the two TNCs in Nigeria
- Shell
- Univlever
82
give me an overview on shell, where do they originate, when did they start in Nigeria, what do they produce, how many employed, benefits, negatives
- UK/Netherlands
- started in 1937, maing oil, gas and fuels
- employ 65,000 directly and 250,000 indirectly
- + large tax ccontributors, giving 91% of contracts to Nigeria companies, growing the energy sector
- - oil flares = toxic fumes = damage health, oil theft and sabotage costs billions of $, oil spills on the delta cause soil degradation, water pollution and damaged agriculture
83
give me an overview on Univlever, where do they originate, when did they start in Nigeria, what do they produce, how many employed, benefits, negatives
- UK/Netherlands
- started in 1923, food, soap, personal care items
- employ 1500 people
- + social responisibility program to help communities, develop new products for locals only, energy high standards of employment, raw materials used are sustainable
- - some profits go overseas to head office
84
suggest why nigeria needs international aid
- 60% of the population live on less than $1 a day
- spiral of decline
- severe poverty
- money is spent on economic beneficals rather than the social needs
85
what are the envrionmental effects on nigeria from enconomic growth
- urban growth = squatter settlements, waste, pollution, impermeable surfaces = floods
- industrial growth = worse air quality, noxious gases, heart & respiritary illness, 5000 registers industiral plants
- deforestation = 70-805 forest = logging for agriculture, urban expansion = less carbon sinks & biodivesity
- oil and minerals = oil exploitation in niger delta, oil spills
86
what happened in the Bodo oil spill
it was in 2008&9 when large oil spill in the niger delta devestated the livelihoods of farmers and fishemen. the spills polluted and contaminated crops and fish - shell paid £55M in compensation
87
what are the types of industries
- primary = agriculture
- secondary = manufactoring
- tertiary = services
- quaternary = knowledge and research
88
since when ahs the UK's economy been changing
the 19th century = industrial revolution
89
what are the reasons for economic change in the UK
- deindustrialisation
- globalisation
- government policies
90
how has deindustrialisation changed UK economy
- mechanisation has occured & jobs have been replaced by machines
- some resources like iron and coal have declined in avaliability
- over half of young people look to go to university to get higher paying jobs
- secondary sector has depleated
91
how has globalisation changed the UK economy
- advancing technology = easier to trade, communicate globally
- economic goods are exchanged throughout the globe
- improved transport = easier trade
- better access to other countries = out-sourcing
92
how have government policies changed the UK economy
- policy = plan decided by gov to encourage growth of specific enocmonic sectors
- used to be secondary and primary jobs until gov sold businesses (privitisation) = competition & innovation
- gov now trying to re-invest in manufacotring
93
what are the positives and negatives of globalisation
+economic growth
+cheaper goods and services
+higher value production in manufacotring high-end products
+foreign investiment
+migration into country
-outsourcing jobs = supresses wages
-inequality between unskilled work and highly skilled workers
-less manufacotring = more money spent on importing
94
what is meant by the term 'deindustrialisation'
a process of social and economic change caused by the removal of manufactoring in an area
95
what are the effects of deindustrialsation in general
- deriliction and brownfield sites
- = unemployment and spiral of decline
- = decreased index of multiple deprivation rating
- can result in regenration or outward migration
96
what are the most important new industries
- research
- it
- finance
- services
97
what is a science park
a ground of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses locaed on a sinlge site
98
what is a business park
an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
99
where are most business and science parks located and waht is their effect
- on the rural-urabn fringe = accessability, cheaper land, good internet
- reional economic growth
100
give an example of a science park
cambridge science park
101
what are the benefits of a science park being in cambridge
- cloes trasport links (M11)
- near universtiies
- proximity to london
- RUF = cheap land
- international studuents and business
102
give an example of a business park
cobalt business park, newcastle
103
assess the location of cobalt business park, newcastle
- hotels = tourism & international stay
- main roads & trainline = accessable
- RUF = cheap land and room for expansion
- improved infrastruction
- regeneration from deindustrialisation from gov grants
104
what effects do manufactoring industries impact the environment
- make landscape look dull
- air and water pollution
- negative visual effect
- degrading the soil ~ leaching environment
105
how can industries become more sustainable
- resource-efficient machinery to reduce carbon emissions
- circular economy and industry
- decrease amount of fossil fuels
- modifying production to use less energy and water
- designing reusable, recyclable products
106
what can help industries become more sustainable
- technology can be used to reduce harmful emissions from power stations and industry
- desulphurisation can remove harmful gases (SO2 / NO)
- regulations can be put in place for damage to environment
- heavy fines imposed when pollution incidents occur
107
what is your example of sustainable manufactoring/industry
Torr Quarry in somerset
108
give an overview of Torr quarry
- 100 jobs = overall 15M income
- since 1940s
- 5M tonnes of limestone annually
- 200 acres
109
what are the positives and negatives of quarrying
-noise and dust pollution from heavy machinery
-scars the land
-destroys natural habitat
-pollute nearby water courses
+helps industry and infrastructure development
110
give some ways Torr quarry aims to be sustainable
- resortation efforts to transform old quarry into wildlife-friendly lakes
- landscaping 80Hc of grass and trees
- foster habitats
- monitor noice, vibration, dust and water quality
- use rail to transport limestone than roads
- dig deeper rather than wider so less habitats damaged
111
give a rural area which experiences population growth
south cambridgeshire
112
why are rural areas' population increasing
counter-urbanisation
113
what are the reasons for counter-urbanisation
- mobile phone coverage
- super fast broadband
- car ownership increased = commuter settlements
- road construction
- working from home
114
describe how the population of camrbidge is changing
- 25% more migrant workers
- more traffic congestion
- more diverse community
- aging population
- house prices increasing = genrification
115
give an area which is experiencing population decline
outer hebrides (in scotland)
116
why is the outer hebrides population decreasing
- population is aging so few people to work and not very lively atmosphere
- promblems in supporting the elderly
- seasonal tourism is main income
117
what are the economic changes for areas of population decline and population growth
- growth = pressure on services, competition for jobs, house prices increase
- ddecline = less investment, businesses shut, little labour
118
give the transport infrastruture in the UK
- UK's ports (strongest) liverpool2 (container terminal)
- airport developments (Heathrow)
- road improvements (weakest)
- railway improvement (london crossrail & HS2)
119
why is rtansport important to post-industrial UK
- trade and economic growth
- jobs and regional growth
- facilities for people, goods and services are accessed
120
desribe the road improvements in the UK
- EV charging points = encouragement
- 2014 = £15B on road
- increased capacity
- construction jobs
- extra lanes on motorways
121
describe the railway improvments in the UK
- HS2 and london crossrail
- GB railways (un-privitisation) = reduce emisions, affordable
- HS2 = generate £40B, cut time down, reduce N/S divide
- crossrail = links west and east, 32Km of twin tunnels, 200M passengers a year, regional
122
describe UK's ports improvements
- 96% of UKs trade is in ports
- strongest links to USA
- £150M invested for efficiency & capacity
- 120,000 jobs
- liverpool2 = £300M (cheap), 1.5M containers annually, jobs, boosts economy in NW, solvs N/S divide
123
describe UK's airport developments
- 3.6% GDP from airports
- links to 400 airports in other countries
- Heathrow = new runway (£18.6B), increasing length of current runway (£14B), 77000 new jobs, 73M passengers annually, limited to SE
124
what is the north-south divide
a hypothetical seperation in the UK of cultural and economic differences
125
give general observations about the north and south
- S = house prices are higher due to more demand (£265,000), higher employment, growing population, less manufactoring, flat and fertile land
- N = house prices are lower due to less demand (127,000), hills and mountains, higher unemployment, population growth is slow, lots of manufacotring
126
why is there the north and south divide
- heavy industry used to be in the north
- since the 1970s industries have declined and unemployment increased in the north
- south developed the fast-growing service sector (tertiary ad quaternary) = post industrial economy
127
what can redue the north-south divide
- government investment = new business and infrastructure & multiplier effect
- transport = HS2, Liverpool2 port = employment & trade
- govenment policy & legislation = local enterprise partnerships & emterprise zones = more jobs & income
128
what are local enterpirse partnerships (LEPs) and what is the example one
- a partnership between the council and business to generate jobs and business
- Lancashire LEP = 50,000 new jobs by 2023, 400 new businesses, £62M invested to BT = broadband and connection
129
how does the UK have strong links to other countries
- trade = overseas exports are worth £160B per year
- culture = creative industries and programs eg Peppa Pig
- transport = Channel Tunnel from UK to France & international airports
- electronic communications = telephones and internet - trans-atlantic cabels linking Europe and USA
130
what is the UKs most important trading links and why
With the EU (49.6% of trade) because the single market allows the UK to buy and sell goods with other member states without having to pay tariff
131
what three contries does the UK export the most to
- USA
- Germany
- France
132
what is UK's top export
medicine
133
what are the positive impacts of EU membership
- struggling UK fishing industry get money from EU
- EU is world's biggest trading group
- in 2015 - £18M given to English & Welsh dairy farmers
- citizens can live/work anywhere in EU without a visa
- EU bulit the metro tram line from Birmingham to Wolverhampton
134
what are the negative impacts of EU membership
- EU can control crime laws
- UK has to support other EU members
- EU sets laws on pollution & consumer rights
- EU limits UK working hours to 48hr a week
- UK has to pay more money to EU than poorer countries
135
how many countries are in the commonwealth
53
136
what is the common wealth
- UK has a politcal, social and economic coection to the countries
- many were once British collonies
- include some very rich and poor countries
- work on human rights & socio-economic development
- 2.2B people
137
give the positive impacts for the Uk being in the commonwealth
- improved infrastructure from hosting the games
- limited tariffs and quotas when trading
- rich countries give poor countries aid
- The Secretairiates meet to discuss sustainable, equitable development
- connects UK to 1/4 of the world's population
- premotes democracy and human rights
138
what are the negative impacts for the UK being in the commonwealth
- richer countries have to contribute more
- when games are hosted a lot of money is spent and may not have any other benefits
- UK is not as important as we were
139
give 2 common wealth projects
- the Queen's Commonwealth Canopy = prevent climate change by growing trees, protecting forests
- mangroves for the future in Bangladesh = protects bangladesh from storms and encourages photosynthesis
140
what are the strategies to reduce the development gap
- aid
- debt relief
- fair trade
- investment & development
- tourism (Jamaica)
- intermediate technology
- microfinance loans
141
how can tourism reduce the devlopment gap
- aiming services to tourists = +multiplier effect, +improved infrastructure, -seasonal jobs, -environmental impacts, -not an option for every country
- Jamaican = white beaches, activvities, good weather = +92,000 have benefitted, +ecotourism, -clashes fr water access, -seasonal, -pollution
142
how can intermediate technology reduce the development gap
- using simple, affordable tools & machinery
- +cheap to maintain and easy to use
- +communitity can take ownership
- -small-scale so low impact
- -require initial investment from HICs or NGOs
- eg = chambamontera in Peru = small hydroelectric scheme
143
how can mincrofinance loans reduce the development gap
- small loans are given to people in LICs who may nto eb able to get traditional laoms
- +enable people ot start businesses and afford food and work
- +allows poeple to be financially independant and escape cycle of poverty
- -small impact comes from this and money has to be paid back
144
how cna aid reduce the development gap
- money or resources given to a country from another country or NGO in response to an emergency or development project
- +provides food, water and medical resources
- +long term projects improve QoL and access to healthcare/education/water
- -countrie can become dependant on aid
- -doesnt always go where needed = corrupt
- -can be tied to promises
- eg Nepal earthquake
145
what are the different types of aid
- bilateral = direct one country to another
- miltilaterial = countries give to NGO, NGO distributes
- tied = aid with conditions
146
how can fair trade reduce the development gap
- paying farmers a fair price and garentee
- +if global price of crops fall then the local farmers still recieve their regular income
- +fair trade premium is spent of community projects too
- -products are a bit more expensive which puts customers off
147
how can debt relief reduce the development gap
- some or all of a countries debt is cancelledd or interest rates are lowered
- +countries have more money to spend on healthcare, education and infrastructure
- -some agrue it can be seen as a reward to countries without financial dicipline
- -can be tied with complex conditions
148
how can investment and industrial development reduce the development gap
- investing money to enourage development eg. building up factories, dams and railways (reliant on TNCs or other countries)
- +new infrastructure built all over LIC
- +jobs are created so more tax paid into economy
- +multiplier effect
- -countries may take huge loans to fund projects = debt
- -workers often exploited = neo-colonalism
- -economic leakage to HQ country
