Rivers - Hydrological Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Evaporation

A

Water lost from the ground as liquid into water vapour from energy from the sun.

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2
Q

Percolation

A

Water seeping deeper below the ground surface

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3
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Water flowing through the rock layer parallel to the ground surface

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4
Q

Throughflow

A

Water flowing through the soil layer parallel to the ground surface

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5
Q

Surface Runoff

A

Water flowing over the surface of the ground

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6
Q

Condensation

A

Water cools down and changes state from water vapour to liquid = clouds 

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7
Q

Precipiation

A

Moisture falling to the ground in any state e.g., rain, snow, sleet, hail

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8
Q

Transpiration

A

The process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves.

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9
Q

Infiltration

A

The process by which water on the ground surface enters the ground

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10
Q

Interception

A

Water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees of grass

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11
Q

Drainage Basin

A

An area of ground which drains into a river

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12
Q

Source

A

start place of a river or stream

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13
Q

Mouth

A

place river enters the sea or a lake

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14
Q

Tributary

A

smaller river which flows into a bigger river

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15
Q

confluence

A

point where two rivers meet

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16
Q

watershed

A

area of land that separates water flowing to different rivers

17
Q

long profile

A
  • shows river’s gradient change between its source and mouth
  • concave shape
18
Q

cross profile

A
  • shows u channel and valley
  • certain points
19
Q

attrition

A

rocks and stones smash against each other, creating smaller rocks

20
Q

hydraulic action

A

sheer water pressure breaking down rocks

21
Q

solution

A

chemicals dissolve minerals/sediment and carries them away in solution

22
Q

abrasion

A

material rubbing against other things

23
Q

load

A
  • sediment carried by a river, sea or ice
  • comes from erosion and riverbanks
24
Q

traction

A

Boulders and big rocks being rolled down the riverbed

25
Q

saltation

A

small stones bouncing on the riverbed

26
Q

suspension

A

sediment is carried down stream

27
Q

solution

A

chemicals dissolved in the water are taken downstream

28
Q

deposition

A
  • river deposits material its been carrying
  • bc as it slows down energy decreases
29
Q

upper course

A
  • gradient: steep
  • channel: shallow and narrow
  • valley shape: v-shaped
  • vertical erosion, abrasion
  • large & angular load
  • transportation: traction
  • fast flow
  • landforms: V-Shaped valleys, waterfalls, gorges
30
Q

middle course

A
  • gradient: gently sloping valley
  • channel: wider & deeper
  • vertical + lateral erosion, hydraulic action + attrition + abrasion
  • medium load
  • transportation: saltation
  • medium velocity
  • landforms: meanders
31
Q

lower course

A
  • gradient: flat
  • channel: v wide & v deep
  • valley: wide & open
  • lateral erosion
  • small, rounded load
  • transportation: suspension
  • slow flow
  • landforms: ox-bow lakes, floodplains, levees