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Geography GCSE > Hazards - Tectonic Hazards (Booklets 2A, 2B) > Flashcards

Hazards - Tectonic Hazards (Booklets 2A, 2B) Flashcards

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1
Q

Earth Structure

A
  • crust
  • mantle
  • core
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2
Q

continental crust

A
  • 20-200km thick
  • light
  • older than oceanic (3.8bn)
  • rock type: granite
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3
Q

oceanic crust

A
  • thin: 5-10km
  • dense
  • younger (<200mil)
  • rock: basalt
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4
Q

plate motion

theory 1

A
  1. magma heated at the centre of earth
  2. rises towards the crust
  3. it spreads out when in contact with crust and pulls crust with it - convection currents
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5
Q

plate motion

theory 2

A
  • plates are v heavy so gravity acts = pulls them apart
  • lithosphere cools and they become less dense, sink - slab pull
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6
Q

lithosphere

A

crust + upper-most mantle

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7
Q

plate tectonics evidence

jigsaw fit

A
  • many continents fit together perfectly
  • e.g. south america + africa
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8
Q

plate tectonics evidence

fossil evidence

A
  • lystrosaurus (mammal-like dinosaur) fossils found in africa, south america, india
  • this dinosaur cant fly or swim
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9
Q

plate tectonics evidence

paleomagnetism

A
  • ships map magnetic orientation of rocks
  • new rock is created in centre of ocean, old rock pushed to side
  • new rock shows the current magnetic orientation imprinted on it
  • patterns can be analysed to show bew rock forming
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10
Q

plate tectonics evidence

climatic

A

evidence of ice sheets found in tropics - even during coldest periods impossible for ice to form in tropics

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11
Q

plate tectonics evidence

geological

A
  • rocks with exact same characteristics found v faraway from each other
  • eg. murica east coast and wales
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12
Q

earthquake + volcano location

A
  • occur in linear clusters
  • or plate boundaries
  • clustering edge around pacific plate
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13
Q

conservative plate boundary

A
  • two plates slide past each other along a fault
  • no volcanoes
  • yes earthquakes
  • as they move past each other, they stick, so pressure builds up, pressure released in sudden movement = earthquake
  • eg san andreas fault in california
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14
Q

destrucive plate margin: subduction

A
  1. continental meets oceanic = ocean trench
  2. convection currents + denser plate + gravity influence = oceanic plate is subducted underneath continental
  3. oceanic begins to melt due to friction = magma
  4. magma rises through lithosphere = erupts at surface = volcano chain
  5. pressure builds up due to plates sticking = rocks fracture = earthquake
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15
Q

destructive plate margin: collision zone

A
  1. continental meets continental
  2. same density = no subduction
  3. sediments pushed upwards = fold mountains
  4. himalayas
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16
Q

constructive plate margin

A
  1. two plates move apart bc convection currents
  2. magma rise up to fill gap = may less force volcano
  3. earthquake
17
Q

economic impact

A

effect on the wealth on an area/community

18
Q

social impact

A

effect on the lives of ppl

19
Q

environmental impact

A

effect on the ecology/landscape of surrounding area

20
Q

secondary effect

A
  • results of primary effect
  • eg. tsunami, wildfire, landslides
21
Q

primary effect

A
  • caused by ground shaking
  • includes deaths, injuries, damaga to infrastructure
22
Q

immediate response

A
  • reaction of ppl as disaster happens
  • immediate aftermath: food, shelter, medical care
23
Q

long term response

A
  • later reactions that occur weeks/months/years
  • eg. rebuilding infrastructure
24
Q

haiti

A
  • 9mil pop
  • 1300USD GDP per capita
  • 49% adult literacy rate
  • high risk from infectious diseases
25
Q

japan

A
  • 126.4 mil pop
  • 42700 USD GDP per capita
  • 99% adult literacy
  • low risk from infectious diseases
26
Q

haiti location

A
  • close to boundary of caribbean and north american plates
  • conservative plate boundary
27
Q

haiti

earthquake key facts

A
  • 4.53pm, Jan 12, 2010
  • magnitude 7
  • epicenter 15km SW of Port-au-Prince
28
Q

haiti

primary effects

A
  • 300,000 injured
  • 222,570 deaths
  • 3 hospitals collapsed
  • UN headquarters collapsed
  • 105,000 houses destroyed
  • travel infrastructure severly damaged
  • total estimated damage = 11.5bn USD
29
Q

haiti

secondary effects

A
  • cholera outbreak: 5899 died, 216,000 infected
  • 600,000 people left their homes
  • 2mil pplliving as squatters
  • 1.5mil ppl living in camps
  • no communication services
  • international airport damaged
  • 1 in 5 jobs lost
30
Q

haiti

immediate responses

A
  • rescue work done by haitians & dom rep teams
  • rescue teams dug w/ bare hands for survivors
  • in 24hrs Icelandic and Chinese teams arrived
  • Qatar/Israel set up field hospitals
  • US sent med supplies, food, water etc
  • 7mil USD raised in 24hrs by US red cross
31
Q

haiti

long-term responses

A
  • world bank waived haiti’s debt for 5yrs
  • dom rep accepted some refugees
  • 6 months after, 98% of rubble not removed - some still blocking roads
  • EU gave 330mil USD
32
Q

why to

scale of disaster

A
  • mag 7
  • near Port-au-Prince (capital + most pop city)
  • lack of preparedness
  • poverty
  • poor infrastructure
  • logistics and coordination of relief (had to rely on international relief yet airport damaged)
33
Q

japan location

A
  • boundary of pacific + eurasian plate
  • subduction
  • shallow focused, depth: 30km = tsunami
  • plate lifted, water lifted = tsunami
34
Q

japan

primary effect

A
  • earthquake shifted earths axis by 10cm
  • 127,000 buildings destroyed
  • coastal area of Sendai was destroyed
  • oil refineries in Ichihara and Sendai caught on fire
  • 4.4mil houses in NE japan lost electricity
  • 1.5mil houses lost access to running water
35
Q

japan

secondary effect

A
  • fujinuma dam failed
  • nuclear meltdown in 3 power generators in Fukushima
  • 300bil USD in damage
  • tsunami caused ice slab to break off and damage property in california
36
Q

japan

immediate responses

A
  • ppl went to higher ground when tsunami warning issued
  • 116 countries + 28 organisations responded
  • 140,000 residents were evacuted from Fukushima
  • military buried dead in mass graves to prevent spread of disease
  • AT&T helped ppl stay in contact free of charge
37
Q

japan

long term responses

A
  • 55 nuclear reactors were taken offline = power shortages
  • railway network was fully functional by september
  • food exports limited due to radiation fears
  • toyota and sony stopped production + other companies relocated
  • 330,000 victims were still homeless

Geography GCSE (36 decks)

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