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GCSE Geography > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

How are interlocking spurs formed?

A

The river takes the easiest route so erodes the soft rock and winds around hard rock

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2
Q

How are v-shaped valleys formed?

A
  1. River erodes vertically due to hydraulic action
  2. Freeze-thaw breaks down the sides of the river
  3. This sediment allows for further erosion by abrasion
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the upper course?

A

-no settlements surrounding it
-steep valley
-waterfalls
-narrow river
-rapids = noisy

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the middle course?

A

-meandering
-sloping land
-flood plains
-farmland

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the lower course?

A

-deposition
-cities and big settlements
-estuary
-flat, marshy land

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6
Q

What is velocity?

A

Speed of the water

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7
Q

What is discharge?

A

The amount of water in the river

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8
Q

What is Aluvium ?

A

Sediment in a river

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9
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

An area of land drained by a river and tributaries. Moves water from land out to sea.

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10
Q

What is the source?

A

Start of river - always in highlandd

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11
Q

What are tributaries?

A

Small rivers

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12
Q

What is confluence?

A

Where rivers join

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13
Q

What is the ocean mouth?

A

Where the ocean meets the sea

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14
Q

What is the watershed?

A

The boundary of the drainage basin

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15
Q

What are the conditions in which a levee occurs?

A

In a river when there is an increased volume of water flowing downstream and flooding occurs

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16
Q

How is a levee formed?

A

-sediment is transported in the river
-when the river floods, sediment is spread out across the floodplain
-the largest material is deposited first at the banks of the river and the smaller sediment is deposited further away

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17
Q

How are most estuaries formed?

A

When sea levels rose after the last ice age and filledglacial troughs

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18
Q

How do estuaries form?

A

-the river is tidal
-due to the volume and velocity of the water, the river is able to carry large amounts of sediment
-as salt water and freshwater mix, velocity slows down meaning any sediment being carried is dropped
-this creates mudflats that are exposed when the tide goes out
-these are crucial to wildlife

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19
Q

what kind of erosion dominates the lower and middle course?

A

lateral

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20
Q

descibe the waterfall found on the river tees

A

-called the High Force
-20m
-formed by the erosion of limestone which lies under dolerite

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21
Q

what landforms of deposition can be found on the river tees?

A

-levees
-floodplains

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22
Q

where does the River Tees flow?

A

from the pennine hills to the north sea

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23
Q

describe how a waterfall is formed?

A
  1. less resisitant rock erodes and formed a notch
  2. overtime, the hard rock jutting out collapses
  3. plunge pool is created
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24
Q

what processes happen on what side of a meander?

A

-the current is faster on the outside bend = erosion
-current weaker on the inside = deposition

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25
Q

how are oxbow lakes formed?

A

-as erosion makes the bends closer, they create a swan neck meander
-during a flood water will breach the neck
-the river takes the straighter course
-over time, deposition will cut off the meander from the river

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26
Q

what forms on the outisde of river bends due to high levels of erosion?

A

river cliffs

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27
Q

how are flood plains created?

A

-meanders widen floodplains by migrating accross them
-during floods the water looses speed and deposists sediment = hightens the floodplain

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28
Q

what causes leeves to form?

A

repetitive flooding

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29
Q

what factors effect the risk of flooding?

A

-runoff is higher in places with inpermeable rocks
-level of precipitation
-steep/flat relief
-urbanisation/deforestation

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30
Q

What is the lag time?

A

Time taken between peak rainfall and peak discharge

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31
Q

What is the rising and falling limb?

A

When discharge is rising and falling

32
Q

What is river discharge measured in?

A

Cubic metres per second

33
Q

What are flood relief channels?

A

-secondary channels built alongside rivers to divert water away from particular areas
-the amount of water flowing through a given point is reduced
-discharge will however increase at the junction between the two channels

34
Q

What are embankments?

A

-walls built either side of the channel to increase the height of the banks
-increase river capacity
-expensive
-if banks are burst then floods can still happen

35
Q

What are dams and reservoirs?

A

-a dam is a large wall built across a river in the upper course
-behind the dam a reservoir forms
-reservoirs fill up with water when there’s high rainfall so reduce flooding
-this water can be drunk
-expensive and habitats/towns can be destroyed

36
Q

What is channel straightening?

A

-bends and meanders are removed by constructing straight channels
-keep water flowing through the area quicker = less flooding
-but downstream areas are more at risk of flooding and erosion

37
Q

What are some hard engineering strategies for managing flooding?

A

-channel straightening
-dams and reservoirs
-embankments
-flood relief channels

38
Q

How does planting trees reduce flooding?

A

-more rain is intercepted by leaves and absorbed by roots so increases lag time
-river discharge, flood risk and soil erosion are all reduced
-new habitats
-however less space for housing

39
Q

How do flood warnings help reduce flood risk?

A

-put out when there has been a lot of rainfall
-by the environmental agency/governments
-people can put out sand bags and protect their homes
-not all people will receive them
-don’t prevent floods

40
Q

What is river restoration?

A

-returns a river to its natural state
-allows the river to swell its banks and flood naturally
-doesn’t stop flooding

41
Q

What is flood plain zoning?

A

-creates zones of a floodplain where building can/can’t happen
-only works for new developments

42
Q

What are soft engineering strategies for flood reduction?

A

-floodplain zoning
-river restoration
-planting trees
-flood warnings

43
Q

What is a social impact of flooding and go into detail

A

Injury and loss of life - loss of loved ones could impact people severely meaning they may be unable to work

44
Q

What are two economic impacts of flooding?

A

Damage to property and lack of insurance cover

45
Q

What are two environmental impacts of flooding?

A

Pollution (flood waters washing chemicals into water) and recharging ground water

46
Q

how high is the source of the river tees above sea level?

A

893m

47
Q

how much rainfall does the upper course of the river tees recieve each year?

A

200mm

48
Q

generally describe the upper course of the river tees?

A

-moorlands
-saturated ground cant hold all the water so streams are formed
-V shaped valley
-high force waterfall

49
Q

when in the river tees does the land flatten out and start to be used for farming livestock?

A

300m above sea level

50
Q

is rainfall higher or lower in the middle course of the river tees?

A

lower

51
Q

generally describe the middle course of the river tees?

A

-valley flattens
-river is most erosive due to more discharge
-farmland
-bedload smaller and rounder
-levees

52
Q

how big are the floodplains either side of the levees on the river tees?

A

10km each side

53
Q

on the river tees, a meander encases the town of…

A

Yarm

54
Q

what meanders were cut off in the river tees to make it straighter for trading?

A

the stockton meanders

55
Q

generally describe the lower course of the river tees?

A

-industrial area
-artificial channel
-deep estuary for ships

56
Q

how long is the entire river tees?

A

120km

57
Q

what is mud from the estuary of the river tees reclaimed and used for?

A

oil terminal/steel works

58
Q

where does the mouth of the river tees lead to?

A

the north sea

59
Q

When was the Boscastle flood?

A

16th August 2004

60
Q

Where Boscastle?

A

Cornwall

61
Q

List the causes of the Boscastle flood

A

-low bridge
-steep relief
-intense rainfall
-lack of flood defences
-removal of vegetation

62
Q

How did the low bridge cause the Boscastle flood?

A

-the bridge over the river valency in Boscastle was very low
-when the flood came, debris got stuck under the bridge
-created a dam = worse flooding

63
Q

How much rainfall fell in Boscastle in 24 hours?

A

200mm

64
Q

List the consequences of the Boscastle flood?

A

-flood damage
-decreased tourism
-illness and injury
-environmental pollution

65
Q

How many properties were flooded in the Boscastle flood?

A

58

66
Q

How many cars were swept away in the Boscastle flood?

A

150

67
Q

How much did the Boscastle flood cost the village in damage and lost income (tourism)?

A

£50 million

68
Q

What was the death toll of the Bosacastle flood?

A

0

69
Q

How many people were airlifted to safety in the Boscastle flood?

A

100

70
Q

List the responses to the Boscastle flood?

A

-temporary accommodation
-emergency rescues
-new, higher bridge
-rebuilding
-deeper and wider river channel

71
Q

How much was the river valency widened and deepened by?

A

Deepened - 2 metres
Widened - 3 metres

72
Q

How much was spent on the flood defence scheme after the Boscastle flood?

A

£10 million

73
Q

What are the pros of flood protection in Boscastle?

A

-road, bridge and car park improvements have reduced congestion
-lower stretches of river have been improved to provide spawning grounds for salmon
-tree management providing habitats

74
Q

What are the cons of flood protection in Boscastle?

A

-£4.5 mil of tax payer money was spent on management by the environmental agency
-straightening and widening of river has restricted natural habitat development
-it will always be vaunerable to flooding as it’s in a steep valley, impermeable shale rock, confluence of three rivers

75
Q

What three rivers have their confluence in Boscastle?

A

Valency, Jordan,Paridise

76
Q

Why is Boscastle at risk of flooding? 5

A

-steep valley
-impermeable shale rock
-river channel is narrow
-deforestation above the river
-settlements built upstream

GCSE Geography (17 decks)

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