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GCSE Geography > ecosystems, tropical rainforests and cold environments > Flashcards

ecosystems, tropical rainforests and cold environments Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a producer and give an example of a producer in a freshwater pond?

A

-producers use energy from the sun for photosynthesis and to grow
-algae

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2
Q

what is a consumer and give an example of a consumer in a freshwater pond?

A

-consumers get their energy from eating producers
-stickleback fish

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3
Q

what is a decomposer and give an example of a decomposer in a freshwater pond?

A

-decomposers help to break down and release nutrients in dead producers and consumers
-rat tailed maggots

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4
Q

define the food chain?

A

what eats what in a biological community and the passage of energy from producers to consumers

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5
Q

why are decomposers important?

A

they put nutrients back into the soil which plants will take up as food - these plants may go on to be eaten by consumers

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6
Q

define a food web?

A

food webs show how several food chains overlap with each other

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7
Q

give some examples of places that are tundra biomes

A

the arctic, alaska, finland - places with high latitudes

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of a tundra biome?

A

-very long days in summer and short days in winter
-winter tempreatures below freezing
-doesnt rain much so vegetation is mainly grass and moss
-just beneath the soil there is permafrost

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9
Q

where can you find savannah grassland? give two examples?

A

-between +23.5 and -23.5 latitude
-The American Midwest and South Africa

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of savannah grasslands?

A

-there is a wet and a dry season
-dominant vegetation is grass
-few trees

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11
Q

where can you find temperate deciduous forest? and at what latitudes?

A

-in Europe, the USA and China
-40 to 60 degree latitudes

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12
Q

give characteristics of temperate deciduous forests?

A

-they have four clear seasons
-rain falls throught the year

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13
Q

give two examples of tropical rainforests? where are they usually located?

A

-the Amazon Rainforest or the Daintree Rainforest (Australia)
-between the tropics

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of a tropical rainforest?

A

-the air is always hot and humid
-there is lush forests with dense canopies of vegetation forming clear layers

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15
Q

where are hot deserts found? give an example?

A

-15-35 degrees north and south of the equator
-the Sahara desert

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16
Q

give some characteristics of a hot desert biome?

A

-almost no rainfall
-temperatures very high in the day but freezing at night
-cacti and other plants that are adapted to deal with the lack of water are the only plants that survive

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17
Q

where are polar biomes found?

A

near the north and south poles

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of the polar biomes?

A

-temps are usually freezing all year round
-cold and icy
-permafrost
-not much rainfall or sunlight

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19
Q

how are plants adapted to survive in polar/tundra environments?

A

-they have bulbs instead of seeds (seeds not likely to survive)
-shallow roots (becuase of permafrost)
-dormancy (they dont grow during winter to survive)
-small plants (becuase theres not many nutrients)

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20
Q

how are seals and walruses adapted to the cold weather?

A

they store lots of fat or blubber in their bodies to keep them warm

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21
Q

how are arctic hares adapted to the cold weather?

A

they have white fur

22
Q

how are polar bears adapted?

A

-white fur
-thick fur
-blubber
-they hibernate in the winter

23
Q

is there biodiversity in cold environments?

A

-antarctica has very low biodiversity
-tundra has slightly more than polar

24
Q

why is biodiversity low in cold environments?

A

the extreme temperatures

25
Q

-becuase biodiversity is low the system is also very ………
-what does this mean?

A

-fragile
-1 species being hunted could destroy the whole ecosytem and biodiverity could fall even further.

26
Q

what is the main threat to biodiversity in cold environments? why?

A

global warming as it causes ice caps to melt and changes the lives of the animals.

27
Q

what are the 3 opportunities in svalbard

A

-mineral extraction
-fishing
-tourism

28
Q

what mineral can be extracted in svalbard and what is it used for?

A

-coal
-generating power

29
Q

what fish can be found in svalbard? which sea surrounds svalbard?

A

-cod, herring, haddock
-Barents Sea

30
Q

what do tourists go to svalbard to see? what two types of excursion do they offer?

A

-the northern lights
-cruise ships and adventure tourism

31
Q

what are the challenges for development in svalbard?

A

-extreme temperatures
-inaccessibility
-buildings and infrastructure

32
Q

what are the winter temperatures in svalbard? why is this an issue

A

-below -30 degrees
-people cant work outside

33
Q

what is the road system like around svalbard?

A

limited

34
Q

what is the only way of reaching svalbard?

A

by air

34
Q

how do people travel around the islands?

A

snowmobiles

35
Q

why do buildings have to be carefully designed in svalbard?

A

because heat from the buildings could potentially melt the permafrost and the buildings could collapse

35
Q

where are water pipes built and why?

A

they are built above the ground becuase they are heated so that the water inside them doesnt freeze but this means that they run the risk of melting the permafrost

35
Q

in 2017, the seafood industry in Alaska created …….. jobs creating ….. in economic value

A

-99,000
-$12.8 bn

36
Q

what minerals can be found in Alaska?

A

gold, jade, iron and silver

37
Q

explain the trans-alaskan pipeline and Prudhoe Bay

A

-Prudhoe Bay oil field is the largest oil field in North America.
-it contains 25 billion barrels of oil
-oil is moved to Valdez on the south coast of Alaska for transportation out of Alaska by the trans-alaskan pipeline

38
Q

what are the opportunities for tourism in Alaska?

A

-northern lights
-Girdwood ski resort

39
Q

how many tourists visited Alaska between May and September 2016?

A

1.8 million

40
Q
A
41
Q

Where is deforestation taking place in Malaysia?

A

Borneo and Peninsualar Malaysia

42
Q

When was deforestation been happening in Malaysia?

A

1960 to now

43
Q

What are the causes of deforestation in Malaysia?

A

-they’re the largest exporter of palm oil
-mining for metal ores
-felling for timber for timber like mahogany
-building HEP dams like the Bakun dam
-population has tripled in 50 years

44
Q

What are the effects of deforestation in Malaysia?

A

-soil erosion from heavy rainfall
-loss of biodiversity in places like the Main Range
-air and water pollution from burning trees
-economic development from trading
-climate change

45
Q

Why are the number of palm oil plantations in Malaysia increasing?

A

Because plantation owners receive a 10 year tax incentive

46
Q

What are the threats to Antarcticas wildlife?

A

-melting sea ice
-fishing for krill

47
Q

What has green peace achieved in Antarctica so far?

A

-world park Antarctica (protecting the continent from mining and other exploitation)
-the Ross Sea is a Marine Protected area

48
Q

How can rainforests be managed sustainably?

A

-selective logging and replanting
-conservation and education
-ecotourism (tourism that benefits local communities and the environment)
-international agreements
-debt reduction in return for stopping deforestation

GCSE Geography (17 decks)

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