changing economic world Flashcards
name four physical factors that affect uneven development
-natural reasources
-natural hazards
-climate
-location/terrain
why do natural reasources affect uneven development?
-fuel sources like oil
-availability of timber
-access to safe water
why do natural hazards affect uneven development?
-frequent hazards undermine redevelopment
-benefits from volcanic material
why does climate affect development?
-reliable rainfall = good farming
-extreme climate makes it hard to work
-climate can attract tourists
why does location/development affect development?
-landlocked countries find it hard to trade
-mountainous terrain makes farming difficult
-scenery attracts tourists
what is the demographic transition model?
shows population change over time - studies how birth and death rates affect the total population
what human factors affect uneven development?
-aid
-trade
-education
-health
-politics
-history
how does aid lead to uneven development?
-aid can help some countries develop infrastructure faster
-improves services like hospitals
-too much reliance on aid might stop other trade routes being established
why does trade affect uneven development?
-countries that export more than they import have a trade surplus (improves national economy)
why does education create uneven development?
-creates a skilled workforce
-more goods produced
-they work, earn money and pay taxes
how does health impact development?
-lack of clean water/healthcare causes disease
-people who are ill cant work
-more money on healthcare = less money on development
how do politics impact uneven development?
-corruption causes a poor distribution of money
-stability of the government can affect the countries ability to trade
-the government decides where the invest
how does history impact uneven development?
-colonialism has helped europe develop but slowed down development in other countries
-countries that went through industrialisation a while ago (uk) have now developed further
describe stage 1 of the DTM and give an example
-high death rate
-high birth rate
-tribes
describe stage 2 of the DTM and give an example
-declining death rate
-high birth rate
-population rise
-kenya
describe stage 3 of the DTM and give an example?
-rapidly falling death rate
-low birth rate
-population rapidly increasing
-india
describe stage 4 of the DTM and give an example
-low birth rate
-low death rate
-no population increase
-UK
describe stage 5 of the DTM and give an example
-rising death rate
-low birth rate
-negative population growth
-Japan
name the 7 ways in which we can measure development
-employment type (primary, secondary etc)
-gross domestic product per capita
-gross national income per capita
-infant mortality
-literacy rate
-life expectancy
-human development index
what is the human development index?
a number that uses life expectancy, education level and income per person to measure development
name 7 ways that we can reduce the development gap
-microfinance loans
-foreign-direct investment
-aid
-debt relief
-fair trade
-intermediate technology
-tourism
what are microfinance loans?
-involves people in LICs receiving small loans from banks
-loans enable people to begin their own buisnisses
-cant reduce large scale poverty
what is foriegn-direct investment?
-when one country buys property or infrastructure in another country
-leads to better access to finance and tech
-investment can come with strings attached
what is aid?
-one country gives money/resources to another
-speeds up development
-can be wasted by corrupt gov
what is debt relief?
-when a countrys debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered
-means more can be spent on development
-strings can be attached
what is fair trade?
-a movement where farmers get a fair price for the goods produced
-paid fairly so they can develop infrastructure
-only a small amount of extra money reaches producers
give pieces of data about how tourism has impacted jamaica?
-in 2015, 2.12 million visited
-tourism contributes 27% to GDP
-130,000 jobs rely on tourism
how has tourism and the multiplier effect impcated jamaica?
-jobs from it have meant that more money has been spent in shops
-government has invested in more infrastructure to suppourt tourism
-new sewage treatment plants - reduced pollution
what are issues with development that still remain in jamaica?
-tourists dont always spend much money
-infrastructure improvements have not spread to the whole island
-many people still have a poor quality of life
what are the causes of economic change in UK?
-deindustrialisation and the decline of the Uks industial base
-globalisation has meant many companies have moved overseas where labour is cheaper
-government invests in suppourting vital buisnesses
what sector of the industry is the UK moving towards?
-the quaternary industry
-big increase in professional and technical jobs
define science parks
groups of scientific and technical knowledge buisnesses on a single site
what is attractive about science parks?
-access to transport routes
-staff benefit from attractive working conditions
how many cars do the UK make every day?
1.5 million cars
why is Niassan’s factories and products renewable?
-7% of the energy used is wind energy
-Nissan produces electric and hybrid cars
UK changes in the rural landscape: what have been the social changes?
-rising house prices causing tension in villages
-villages are unpopulated during the day causing loss of identity
Uk changes to the rural landscape: what have the economic impacts been?
-lack of affordable housing for local first time buyers
-sales of farmland has increased rural unemployment
-influx of poor migrants is putting pressure on local services
Uk change to a rural landscape: how have improvement to transport impacted?
-£15 billion ‘Road Improvement Strategy’ = 10 new roads
-£50 billion HS2 railway to improve connections between UK cities
-£18 billion on Heathrow’s third runway
describe the North/South divide in the UK?
-wages are lower in the North
-Heathcare is better in the South
-Education is worse in the North
what are the limitations of measuring development?
-corruptions means that, even if it appears that a country is making lots of money, most of that money may not be getting to the people
what are the main historical reasons for ineven development?
colonisation and conflict
Give an example of a charitable aid foundation?
The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation
Give some examples of intermediate technologies that are used in poor countries?
-solar powered LED
-water filtration systems
-more effective water pumps
Why do tourists visit Jamaica?
-Ocho Rios = white sandy beaches, nightlife, resorts
-Negril Marine National Park = coral reef, boat rides
How much does tourism contribute to Jamaicas GDP? How many jobs does it create?
-35%
-200,000
How much does manufacturing contribute to Nigerias GDP now?
10%
How many people were employed in agriculture in Nigeria in 1999?
75%
What are the benefits of Trans-National Corporations (TNCS) for developing countries?
-they invest in staff training, infrastructure and education
-can result in the multiplier effect - where other business start moving into the country
How many people does shell employee in Nigeria?
65,000 (thy also pay tax to the Nigerian gov)
what unions/political links does Nigeria have?
-the commonwealth
-united nations
-african union
give an example of bilateral (gov to gov) aid given to Nigeria
USA has funded projects to tackle the spread of AIDs
give an example of multilateral aid given to Nigeria
the World Bank loaned $50mil to Nigeria in 2014 for development projects
what is multilateral aid?
where HICs donate money into organosations like the UN or World Bank to then be given to developing countries
give an example of voluntary aid (from charities like oxfam) recieved by Nigeria
nets for life (an NGO) helping to tackle malaria by education and bed nets
what are the causes of economic change in the UK?
-de-industrialisation
-globalisation
-government policies
what does the UKs post-industrial economy involve?
-service industries (retail, cinemas, experiences)
-science and buisness parks
-research
-information technology
-financial services
define deindustrialisation
there are fewer jobs in manufacturing in the UK
what are the imapacts of the UKs shift from secondary to tertiary/quaternary sectors on the environment?
good:
-new houses = less heat loss
-buisnesses using renewables (new Land Rover factory in Wolverhampton)
-these sectors dont involve as much greenhouse gas
bad:
-the UK consumes the same amount of good but has to get them imported so its worse for the environment as they may not have as many regulations
give examples of improvements to the UKs transport infrasrtucture?
-crossrail recently developed the Elizabeth line
-11 tube lines
-400 miles ‘of smart motorway’ which add a lane by removing hard shoulder (many people have been killed though)
-HS2 (high speed rail connecting London with Birmingham and Manchester) will be completed by 2033
the life expenctancy in Sunderland (the north) is…
2 years below the UK average
during the course of the UKs economic development, what links have they made with other countries?
-45% of the UKs exports in 2018 were with the EU
-UK films (james bond) and UK music culture (BRITS, Adele) are exported internationally
-the commonwealth legacy ties britain to 56 countries
-fiberoptic cables connect internet traffic between Europe and the UK
-4 airports and Heathrow is the 7th buisiest in the world
Give an example for the development of roads in the UK
A303
What is the problem with the A303 and why is it important?
-main route to the south-west
-the traffic can be stop start due to alternating stretches of dual and single carriageway
How much is the project to widen the A303? What does it entail
£2 billion
Digging a 3km tunnel underneath Stonehenge and making it entirely dual carriageway
What is our example of a rail development in the UK?
HS2
How much is HS2?
£50billion
What places does HS2 connect?
London to Birmingham and other areas of the North
When will HS2 open?
2033
Why do many people object to HS2?
it runs through several stretches of countryside
-close to many homes
-some homes/business will be demolished
What is our example for expansion of airports in the UK?
Heathrow
When did the gov decide to open a third runway in Heathrow?
2015
How much will the new Heathrow runway cost?
£18 billion
What are the pros and cons of the new Heathrow runway?
Cons:
-Locals are worried about the noise
Pros:
-gov has promised to provide money so people can soundproof homes
-gov said there will be no night flights
-more jobs and money in UK
What is our example for expansion of ports?
Liverpool 2 (L2) docks
What does L2 involve?
-a new container terminal is being constructed at the Port of Liverpool
-construction of a deep water quay in the river Mersey
When was L2 built? How much did it cost?
-2016
-£400 mil
What are the positives of L2?
-more than doubles the docks capacity to over 1.5 mil containers a year
-5000 of jobs
-boosts the economy of the North-West
-reduces amounts of frieght traffic on the roads
How many countries are in the commonwealth?
56
Who is the head of the commonwealth?
King Charles III
What’s the general principles of the commonwealth?
-suppourt democracy
-develop society, gender equality, education, sport and young people (commonwealth games)
-boost trade and economy
-support small states, helping them tackle challenges
What are the benefits of the commonwealth on the UK?
-trade agreements benefit UK business
-commonwealth games improve relations and public image
Give some arguments for BREXT?
-by not having to pay the EU membership fees the gov can fund things like the NHS
-creates opportunities for British workers as the UKhas to be self sufficient
-immigration is controlled by the UK
Why is Nigeria important in Africa?
It’s the most populous and economically powerful country in Africa
What strategies used at Nestle, Fawdon make it eco-friendly?
-Anaerobic digestor
-solar panels
-greener transport
Describe the anaerobic digestor at Nestle, Fawdon
-recycles the factory’s waste (sweet residue)
-bacteria breaks down waste into solid, liquid, gas
-gas is syphoned off to create energy
-liquids are filtered and released into rivers
-solids are used as compost/fertilisers
How much of Nestle, Fawdon’s energy is generated by anearobic digestor?
6%
Describe the solar pannel installation in Nestle, Fawdon
-largest solar panel installation in the North East
-1,970 panels
How much energy does Nestle, Fawdon generate through solar and how much has this reduced their CO2 emissions by?
-1.5% of energy
-reduces CO2 released by 225,000kg
How does Nestle, Fawdon use greener transport to make them more eco-friendly?
Encourage employees to use electric vehicles by having lots of on-site charge points
Also got Nissan to get discounts for their employees
What are the social impacts of population growth in south Cambridgeshire?
-80% car ownership increases traffic on country lanes
-gentrification leads to a breakdown in community spirit
What are the economic impacts of population growth in south Cambridgeshire?
-farmers are forced to sell land for houses as agriculture declines
-lack of affordable housing
-high petrol prices due to high demand
What are the economic impacts of population decline in the outer Hebrides?
-the number of fishing boats went from 900 in the ’40s to just a few in 2013
-in the 2000s there was a 27% increase in tourism but they can scale up infrastructure in order to make it an alternative source of income
What percentage of shell contracts go to Nigerian companies?
91%
Why is increased wealth in Jamaica not entirely a good thing?
Most money goes back to TNC country of origin
Give examples of environmental positives emerging from Jamaicas increased tourism?
-new sewage treatment works at Logwood
-nature reserves in Negril
-ecotourism growing in popularity
Give environmental negatives of Jamaicas tourism
-excessive water consumption and waste production
-air and noise pollution from land, sea and air traffic
Give examples of infrastructure improvement as a result of tourism in Jamaica
-north coast = improved roads, electricity and sewage systems (south coast not benefitted as much)
-Falmouth and Kingston = major sea ports developed to handle 1.5 million passengers every year
What is a TNC
Transnational corporations = a large company that operates in several countries - usually has ifs headquarters in one country with production in several others
What is the global importance of Nigeria?
-creates 2.7% of the world’s oil (12th largest producer)
-5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions
What is the national importance of Nigeria?
-largest population of any African country (182 million people)
-70% of population employed in agriculture (has over 19 million cattle)
-in 2014 had highest GDP on continent
-3rd largest manufacturing sector in Africa
What countries/organisations invest in Nigeria?
-China is making major investments in construction in the capital, Abuja
-South Africa is investing in business and banking
-American company General Electric is investing in new power plants
-American corporations like Wal-Mart, IBM and Microsoft operating in Nigeria
Give examples of how quality of life varies in different regions of Nigeria
-60% of children in urban areas attend secondary school but only 36% do in rural areas
-GDP is generally higher in the South where there are benefits of Niger Delta, high rainfall and oil
-GDP lower in the north due to desertification and militant Islamic group Boko Haram limiting economic growth
Give some examples of Nigeria’s culture
-Nigerian music Fela Kuti is enjoyed worldwide
-Nigerian cinema (Nollywood) is second largest film industry
-Nigerian football team has won the African Cup of Nations three times
Name all of Nigeria’s political links
-African Union
-ECOWAS (economic community of West African States)
-CEN-SAD (community of Sahel-Saharan states)
-OPEC (organisation of petroleum exporting countries)
-UN
Nigeria: what is the African Union?
Economic planning/peacekeeping groyp
Nigeria: what is ECOWAS?
Trading group made up of West African countries. Has its headquarters in Abuja
Nigeria: what is CEN-SAD?
has similar aims as ECOWAS and develops sporting links
Nigeria: what is OPEC?
Aims to stabilise the price of oil and ensure a regular supply,
What are Nigerias main exports?
Crude/refined petrol, natural gas, rubber, cocoa , cotton
What is one of Nigeria’s fastest growing imports?
Telephones imported from China which are in demand from the growing population and emerging middle class
Why is Nigeria’s economy developing?
-investment in science and technology training
-advances in technology
-many people speak English = potential for telecommunication
-information technology is driving the economy rather than oil
How is manufacturing affecting development?
-regular work gives people a secure income
-stimulates growth through companies helping each other (eg making car parts for a car factory)
-increased employment
-thriving industry attracts foreign investors
Nigeria: What are advantages of TNCs
-provide employment
-more money spent in economy
-investment from companies on infrastructure and education
-valuable export revenues are earned
Nigeria: what are disadvantages of TNCs?
-local workers can be underpaid
-working conditions may be poor
-management jobs often taken by foreign employees
-much profit goes abroad
Nigeria: what are disadvantages of TNCs?
-local workers can be underpaid
-working conditions may be poor
-management jobs often taken by foreign employees
-much profit goes abroad
What are the benefits of Shell in Nigeria?
-contributes to tax/export revenues
-employs 65,000 people
-91% of shell contracts go to Nigerian companies
-growing Nigeria’s energy sector
What are the challenges of Shell in Nigeria?
-oil spills causing water pollution limiting fishing
-frequent oil flares = toxic fumes
-oil theft and sabotage reducing production levels and costing TNCs/government money
Why does Nigeria receive aid?
-almost 100 million people live on less than $1 a day
-birth rates and infant mortality rates are high but life expectancy is low
What aid does Nigeria receive?
-receives $5000 million a year
-independent countries like UK and US
-WorldBank
-charities and NGOs
Give some examples of aid and how they benefit Nigeria?
-in 2014 the world bank approved a $500 million project to fund development projects (reduces over dependence on oil)
-UK department for international development has funded health/HIV programmes providing education in rural areas
-USAID funded ‘community care in Nigeria’ project provides packages for orphans
-NGO ‘nets for life’ educates on malaria prevention and mosquito nets
-aid from USA protects from AIDS/HIV
Nigeria: What prevents aid from being used effectively?
-corruption in government
-government may direct aid for other things (eg building navy)
-donors may have influence over what happens with aid
How does Nigerian industrial growth affect the environment?
-70-80% of nigerias forests have been destroyed (500 species of plant have dissapeared)
-pollutants go into open drains and damage ecosystems downstream
-industries dispose of waste on nearby land - threatens groundwater quality
-industrial chimneys emitting noxious gases can harm human respiratory health
How can urban growth in Nigeria impact the environment?
-waste disposal has become a major issue
-services have failed to keep up with the rate of growth
-traffic congestion and high levels of exhaust emissions
-squatter settlements common
What Is the impact of mining and oil extraction on the environment in Nigeria?
-local water supplies polluted by toxic chemicals
-Tin mining = soil erosion
-oil spills cause fires leading to acid rain
-oil spills in the Niger Delta impacting freshwater
When were the Bodo oil spills in Nigeria?
2008/09
Outline what happened in the Bodo oil spills
Two large oil spills devastated the livlihoods of thousands of farmers/fishermen living in the swamps in Bodo in the Niger Delta
Nigeria: How many gallons of oil were spilled in Bodo and over what area?
11 gallons over 20km2
Nigeria: what did shell promise to do in compensation for the Bodo oil spills?
-in 2015, shell agreed to pay £55 million compensation to individuals and communities in Bodo to be used to build health clinics and schools
-shell also agreed to clean swamps and fishing grounds
Give some examples of how quality of life has improved in Nigeria
-reliable electricity supply like lighting and heating
-reliable, better paid jobs in manufacturing and services
-higher disposable income
-improving infrastructure
-better quality of healthcare
Why are the developmental improvements in Nigeria not all good?
-they have not developed as fast as other countries due to corruption
-over dependence on oil
What is GNI?
-Gross National Income
-total value of goods and services produced by a country plus money earned and paid to other countries
-expressed per head
Why are single measures of development bad?
-they are an average for the whole county (if there are only a few very rich people, the whole country will appear very rich)
-data may be hard to collect
-data may be unreliable due to government corruption
When did Nigeria become independent from the UK? When was there a civil war? When did it achieve a stable government?
-1960
-1967-1970
-1999
Describe Nigeria’s population and what this has resulted in
-multiethnic and multi faith
-the Islamic fundamentalist group - the Boko Haram creating an unstable situation in the country
-less investment from abroad
Describe how each of the sections of Nigeria’s economy has developed
-employment in the primary sector (agriculture) has fallen due to increase in use of farm machinery and better pay in other sections
-employment in secondary sector (industrialisation) has increased in areas like oil production, construction and pharmaceuticals
-tertiary sector (communications, finance, retail) grown
How had the UK economy changed?
-Industrial Revolution meant that people went from working in primary sector moved to cities to work in the manufacturing sector
-in the last few decades there has been a big shift towards the tertiary sector (health care, finance)
-most recently the quaternary sector has developed (research, IT)
Why has the UK experienced de-industrialisation (decline in secondary sector)?
-machines and technology have replaced people
-China and Malaysia can produce goods for cheaper because labour costs less
-traditional UK industries like mining and engineering have been replaced as now the UK is a centre for finance, research and creative industries
What is a main reason for the explosion of the quaternary sector in the UK?
Globalisation meaning that many people are working on global brands/products
What were UK government policies in the 1940s-1970s regarding the economy?
-The government created state run industries like the National Coal Board, British Rail
-government money was spent on ‘propping up’ declining UK industries even though they were unprofitable
What was the government policy towards the economy in 1970s-2010s?
-state-run industries were sold off to private shareholders to create more competition
-called privatisation
-new private companies brought innovation - in the UK derelict industrial areas became financial centres
What is the current government policy towards the economy in the UK?
-to rebalance the economy by rebuilding the manufacturing sector and relying less on things like the financial sector
-this has involved improving transport (cross rail, HS2), investment in manufacturing industries
What is a post-industrial economy (which we have in the UK)?
The manufacturing industry declines to be replaced by growth in the service sector and the corresponding development of a quaternary sector
How have developments in IT affected the UK economy?
-internet access allows people to work remotely
-the UK is one of the worlds leading digital economies attracting business and investment from abroad
Give some examples of UK research organisations
BBC, universities, NHS, Forestry Commission
What is a science park?
A group of scientific/technical based businesses located on a single site usually associated with a university
What is a business park?
An area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses on the edge of town
Why are business parks located outside towns? What is the benefit of them?
-land is cheaper
-more land available
-less traffic congestion
-businesses can work together
Name three companies located at University of Southampton business park
-Fibrecore = manufacturer of optical fibres
-Symetrica = specialising in gamma ray spectrometers
-PhotonStar = specialising in lighting
What are the benefits for companies who choose to locate at Southampton business park?
-excellent links to university providing research facilities and talent
-graduates from uni are a source of employees
-attractive location with extensive green areas
-meeting rooms, health centre, cafe, nursery on site
-excellent transport links - M3, Southampton airport and train
Where is Cobalt Business park?
Newcastle Upon Tyne
What transport links does Cobalt Business park have?
-A1
-20 mins from international airport
What companies are at Cobalt business park?
-Siemens
-IBM
-Santander
Why do companies at Cobalt Business park get government assistance?
The North-East has suffered from economic decline e
What are the social impacts of population decline in Outer Hebrides?
-number of school children expected to fall and cause school closures
-fewer people of working age
-ageing population with no youth to take care of them - care issues
What has the population decline been in the Outer Hebrides since 1901? Why?
-50%
-young people move away to look for employment opportunities
Where are people coming to South Cambridgeshire from?
-other parts of the UK or Cambridgeshire
-more migrants are arriving from Eastern Europe
Along with the third runway at Heathrow, what other airport improvements are the UK government making?
-increasing length of one of the existing runways at Heathrow (£13.5 bn)
-new runway at Gatwick (£9 bn)
How long is crossrail? How much did it cost?
-£14.8 bn
-118km
What are the positives of crossrail?
-improve journey times across London, easing congestion
-brings 1.5 million people within 45 mins of London
-200 mil passengers expected to use ot
Why is there a North-South divide?
-in the Industrial Revolution, industries in the north (Sheffield and Manchester) thrived
-these industries have deteriorated since 1970s
-London/South-East developed due to growing service sector
What are some regional strategies to reduce the North-South divide?
-Foreign investment has been encouraged in the North (eg Nissan in Tyne and Wear)
-in 2015 the government launched a strategy for a Northern Powerhouse to help balance wealth by developing northern cities and rural areas
-money has been invested into transport (HS2, L2, upgrade of the M62)
When were local enterprise partnerships established?
2011
How many local enterprise partnerships are there in the UK?
39
What is a local enterprise partnership?
-voluntary partnership between local authorities and businesses
-aim to identify businesses needs in local areas and encourage companies to invest
-jobs will be created boosting the economy
What is the aim of enterprise zones?
To encourage the establishment of new businesses and new jobs in an area with no pre-existing businesses
How does the government support the businesses set up in enterprise zones?
-ensuring the provision of super fast broadband
-financial allowances for machinery
-simpler planning regulations to speed up establishment of new business
How does trade link the UK to the wider world?
-most important trade links are with the EU
-USA is an important historic trading partner
-recent growth in trade with China
What is the UKS main cultural export? Who is the main market? How much does it make?
-Television
-main markets are English-speaking countries like USA, Australia and New Zealand (however Chinese market is expanding)
-international sales of UK TV has quadrupled since 2004
-most successful exports: Downton Abbey, Dr Who, Sherlock
List all of the UKS cultural imports and where they’re from?
-Food (Chinese, Thai, Indian)
-music (America, Africa)
-films (Bollywood)
-fashion (France, Italy)
-festivals (Notting hill)
Give some examples of major transport links between the UK and the wider world?
-London Heathrow is one of the worlds busiest airports
-links between UK and mainland Europe through channel tunnel
-Southampton is a major port for cruise liners taking people to Mediterranean or Caribbean
Give examples of how Electronic communication links the UK to the wider world?
-99% of all internet traffic passes through a network of submarine, high-power cables - the UK is a focus for these cables
-a project known as Artic Fibre will lay cables between London and Tokyo via the Northwest passage over 15000 km linking Europe and Asia (completed 2016)
UK in the wider world: How has the EU affected the UK?
-there are EU laws for crime, pollution and consumer rights - UK companies may find this restrictive
-high unemployment in poor European countries meant that in 2013 40% of UK immigrants were from the EU
-financial support for farmers - £18 mil was made available for dairy farmers in England and Wales
Give some arguments against Brexit?
-loss of trade opportunities with the EU
-loss of immigration (workforce)
-people saved loads of money of lower priced goods from the EU
-jobs linked to EU at risk
Give an example of intermediate technology?
Hippo Rollers (drums full of water rolled along the floor - make water collection easier and more effective)
Give one specific example of aid resulting in positive change in Nigeria
-World Bank and ActionAid funded and carried out a project to build a health clinic in Aduwan - a community who didn’t used to have a clinic
-it immunising children against polio
-tests for HIV among other things
