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USHJA Horsemanship > Riding Theory > Flashcards

Riding Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Safest riding idea over fences

A

Forward riding in motion with the horse

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2
Q

Xenophon

A

Greek warrior - earliest known writers to map out a theory of riding

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3
Q

Xenophon battle theory

A

methods and advice focused on developing a relationship based on mutual respect, rather than on domination by the rider over the horse

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4
Q

William Cavendish

A

Brought school riding to England

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5
Q 
François Robichon de la Guerinière’s Ecole
de Cavalerie (1733)
A

most influential

manual in tracing continuity between classical equitation and forward riding equitation

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6
Q

James Fillis

A

horse must be correctly balanced in forward movement with impulsion, even though his system still called for a deep seat.

Created the stirrup weighted heavier at the bottom that is popular in hunter/jumper riding today.

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7
Q

Federico Caprilli

A

began practicing a completely new system of riding off the stirrups, rather than off a deep, central seat.

Shorter stirrups create angles in the rider’s hips, knees and ankles that act as springs.

Caprilli’s system pioneered sitting lighter and more forward in the saddle, using shorter stirrups to rise out of saddle and softer arms to follow the forward motion of a horse’s head and neck, especially over jumps.

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8
Q

American Horse Shows Assocation foundation

A

AHSA 1917

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9
Q

Year jumping was in Olympics

A

1912

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10
Q

Last US military team to compete at Olympics

A

1948

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11
Q

Why was the USET founded?

A

1950 to recruit and train civilian riders

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12
Q

Vladimir S. Littaue

A

directly set out to influence the quality of pleasure and competitive riding since there was no national system of instruction in the US as there was in European countries.

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13
Q

Jane Marshall Dillon

A

influential in writing equitation guidelines for Virginia horse shows that were adapted for the AHSA (now USEF) hunt seat rules from the 1950s to the 1970s

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14
Q

Full seat

A

The entire seat is in the saddle.

Three point contact

Generally collecting for control (shift balance to rear)

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15
Q

Half seat

A

Seat bones are out of the saddle

Two points of contact (two legs)

Jumping or galloping

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16
Q

Light seat

A

The position between the half-seat and full-seat.

The horse has less freedom and the rider has more security than in the half-seat.

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17
Q

Driving seat

A

The rider deliberately rides behind the horse’s motion to more effectively influence the horse’s balance. The seat is used to drive a spooky or balky horse forward.

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18
Q

Order of aids

A

Least to most severe

Ask, Allow, Tell, Demand

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19
Q

Urging leg

A

Applied at the girth to encourage impulsion

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20
Q

Holding leg

A

Applied at the girth to keep a horse from falling in. May also be used to move a horse laterally

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21
Q

Displacing leg

A

Applied slightly behind the girth. Used to move or displace the horse’s haunch on turns and lateral maneuvers.

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22
Q

Direct rein

A

The rider’s hands move forward or backward but do not move laterally

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23
Q

Opening rein

A

Gives direction without taking away from the forward movement of the horse.

The rider’s hand opens
away from the horse’s body and leads the horse in the desired direction

One hand at a time

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24
Q

Bearing/neck rein

A

Both hands move in the direction of the desired turn

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25
Q

Pulley rein

A

Firmly fixing the inside hand on the horse’s withers or neck and strongly pulling up and back with the outside
hand.

It is a tool for correcting runaways or for an emergency stop.

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26
Q

Lifting rein

A

Used to correct horses that bear down heavily on the bit or overflex at the poll in avoidance.

Both hands are
raised higher than normal and the rider uses a series of bumps or nips that cease as soon as the horse corrects the behavior

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27
Q

Indirect rein

A

Controls lateral movements including bending and turning. The rider’s hand does not cross the mane line

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28
Q

Indirect rein in front of the withers

A

Displaces the horse’s weight from one shoulder to the other.
In a right indirect rein in front of the withers, the rider’s right hand moves toward the rider’s left hip.

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29
Q

Indirect rein behind withers

A

Displaces the horse’s weight from one shoulder to the opposite hind leg.

In a right indirect rein behind the withers, the rider’s right hand moves toward the horse’s left hip

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30
Q

Walk

A

Four beat gait with no moment of suspension

31
Q

Sequence of walk footfalls

A

Left hind, left fore, right hind, right fore

32
Q

Speed of walk

A

Shortened: 3 mph
Ordinary: 4 mph
Lengthened: 5-6 mph

33
Q

Trot

A

A two-beat gait with a moment of suspension

34
Q

Sequence of trot footfalls

A

In pairs

Left hind and right fore, then right hind and left fore

35
Q

Speed of trot

A

Shortened: 5-6 mph
Ordinary: 8 mph
Lengthened: 10 mph

36
Q

Canter

A

A three-beat gait with a moment of suspension

37
Q

Sequence of canter footfalls

A

Right lead

Left hind leg; right hind leg and left foreleg as a pair; right foreleg

38
Q

Speed of canter

A

Shortened: 6 mph
Ordinary: 10 mph
Lengthened: 12 mph

39
Q

Gallop

A

A four-beat gait with a moment of suspension

40
Q

Sequence of gallop footfalls

A

left hind, right hind, left fore, right fore

41
Q

Speed of gallop

A

14 to 18 mph

42
Q

Impulsion

A

Educated reserve energy or impulse, which is created by the rider’s leg

43
Q

Flexion

A

Softening and relaxing of the jaw and poll, which allows for softer, more precise control.

44
Q

Collection

A

The hindquarters are under the horse and the forehand is much freer than when in a connected forward
balance

45
Q

Longitudinal flatwork

A

Focuses on extending and shortening the length of the horse’s stride and upward and downward transitions.

46
Q

Lateral flatwork

A

Focuses on bending, turning and moving to the side off the rider’s hands or legs

47
Q

Leg Yielding

A

The horse travels both forward and sideways, crossing its legs.

The eye is slightly away from the direction of travel and the horse moves on four tracks.

48
Q

Turn on the forehand

A

The hind legs move around the nearly stationary forehand on a circular track in a pivoting motion

49
Q

Shoulder-in

A

The head and neck are softly bent to the inside, with the horse looking away the direction of travel.

The shoulder is brought to the inside track at a 30 degree angle.

50
Q

Shoulder fore

A

Similar to shoulder-in but with less angle

51
Q

Haunches-in or travers

A

The head and neck are slightly positioned to the inside while the haunch is displaced 30 degrees to the inside.

The horse is bent around the rider’s inside leg and looks in toward the direction of travel

52
Q

Haunches-out or renvers

A

This is considered a counter movement and is, in essence, the opposite of haunches-in

With the horse slightly off the track
and the head and neck slightly positioned to the perimeter of the ring, the haunch is
displaced 30 degrees toward the perimeter of the ring

53
Q

Half-pass

A

The horse is bent in the direction of travel,
moving forward and sideways at the same time, with
the front and back feet making two sets of tracks

54
Q

Bascule

A

The natural arc the horse’s body makes as it

jumps.

55
Q

Ground line

A

A pole at the base of the obstacle that helps a horse to judge distance and the height of a jump. It is incorrect to
jump an obstacle with the ground line on the landing side only

56
Q

Trot pole

A

A line of poles or cavalletti that are set 4’0” to 4’9” apart for the horse to trot through.

When placing a jump after the last trotting pole, the distance to the jump should be double that of the distance between the poles.

57
Q

Cavaletti

A

A pole that is horizontally elevated by supports that can be changed to several different heights. Cavalletti are used for gymnastic exercises

58
Q

Cavaletti distances walk, trot, canter

A

Walk 2’8” to 3’3”
Trot 4’0” to 4’9”
Canter 9’0” to 12’0”

59
Q

Vertical jump

A

Height, no spread

Clearing it requires a short, high jump with balance and accuracy.

A horse tends to have a steep arc over a vertical.

60
Q

Oxer

A

The horse’s arc is longer and

less steep than that for a vertical.

61
Q

Fan jump

A

A spread jump made with one standard on one side and multiple standards on the other

62
Q

Hogs back

A

A spread obstacle made with three sets of standards where the front and back rails are lower than the middle rail

63
Q

Small pony distances

A

9 to 10 foot stride

64
Q

Med pony distances

A

10 to 11 foot stride

65
Q

Large pony distances

A

11 to 11’6’’ foot stride

66
Q

Mane release

A

The rider holds the mane halfway up the crest. The reins remain loose throughout the jump.

67
Q

Long or crest release

A

The rider’s hands slide one-third to one-half way up the horse’s crest and rest one on each side of it

68
Q

Automatic release

A

The rider’s hands maintain a soft, passive contact and follow the horse’s mouth through the air, maintaining a direct line from bit to elbow.

69
Q

Short release

A

The rider’s hands rest on either side of the base of the crest. The rider is afforded a greater degree of control while restricting the horse’s independence and freedom

70
Q

Broken line release fault

A

The hands are below the level of the mouth, forming a broken line from the elbow to the bit. This puts pressures on the bars and interferes with the horse’s forward movement

71
Q

Hands above the neck release fault

A

This compromises a rider’s balance in the air

72
Q

Fixed hands or no release

A

Hands that are fixed cause a rider to hit the horse in the mouth.

73
Q

Over release

A

Hands that are thrown up the neck almost to the ears in an exaggerated manner. This is unattractive and
quick hands create a quick horse

74
Q

Backward release

A

Hands that rotate backwards on takeoff.

USHJA Horsemanship (16 decks)

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