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USHJA Horsemanship > Hooves and Shoeing > Flashcards

Hooves and Shoeing Flashcards

1
Q

Periople

A

Coronary band attachment site

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2
Q

Outer hoof wall

A

Strong, pigmented area. Stronger than inner hoof wall

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3
Q

Purposes of outer hoof wall (4)

A
  1. Bear weight of horse
  2. Protect internal structures
  3. Store and release energy in each part of stride
  4. Assist in propulsion
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4
Q

Inner hoof wall

A

White, more pliable than outer hoof wall

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5
Q

Role of inner hoof wall

A
  1. High moisture content allows it to stretch as the outer hoof wall moves.
  2. Protects from shock
  3. Allows movement between the third phalanx bone and the outer hoof wall
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6
Q

White line

A

Joins the sole to the inner hoof wall and seals off the border of the third phalanx bone

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7
Q

Purpose of white line

A

creates a shallow crease in the bottom of the hoof, which, as it fills with dirt, creates traction for the foot.

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8
Q

Sole of foot

A

area inside the white line on the bottom of the foot, not including the bars and the frog

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9
Q

Purpose of sole of foot

A

protect the sensitive structures beneath it; however, the outer perimeter also provides support in the toe area

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10
Q

Bar of the hoof

A

Extension of the inner and outer hoof walls that runs along the side of the frog, ending approximately halfway along the frog.

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11
Q

Purposes of the bar (2)

A
  1. Control movement of back of hoof

2. Adds strength to heel area and protects it from excess distortion

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12
Q

Collateral grooves

A

run alongside the frog. The outer wall of the grooves are made up of the wall of the bar and sole, and
the inner wall consists of the wall of the frog

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13
Q

The frog

A

Works with coronary band, the bars and the sole to provide resistance to distortion of the hoof during the stride

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14
Q

The frog should be wide and made up of a ____ material

A

thick, leathery

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15
Q

Pressure placed on the frog during a stride directly influences _______

A

the health of the digital cushion located internally directly above it

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16
Q

4 secondary roles of the frog

A
  1. Protecting sensitive structures in the hoof capsule
  2. Providing traction
  3. Assisting circulation
  4. Absorbing shock
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17
Q

How does the frog enable horses to feel what they are standing on?

A

Contains many nerves

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18
Q

Central sulcus

A

Center of frog towards rear of hoof.

Triangular shape, wide and shallow

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19
Q

Heel of the hoof primary purpose

A

To receive the initial impact of a horse’s weight during a normal stride

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20
Q

Third phalanx bone (i.e. coffin)

A

Largest bone in the hoof and provide the framework for the shape of the hoof.
Does not have bone marrow and has unusually high density of tiny blood vessels running through it

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21
Q

Laminae

A

Surrounds the coffin bone and holds the hoof wall to the bone

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22
Q

Solar corium

A

Produces the sole of the hoof, underneath the bone

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23
Q

Navicular (i.e. distal sesamoid) bone

A

can be found just inside the back of the third phalanx bone, with the deep digital flexor tendon passing over it

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24
Q

Role of navicular bone

A

prevents over-articulation of the third phalanx bone, maintains a constant angle of insertion for the deep digital flexor tendon and allows for additional tilt within the coffin joint when traveling over uneven surfaces

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25
Q

Digital cushion location

A

Behind coffin, above frog

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26
Q

Digital cushion

A

It is a mass of flexible material that contributes to the formation of the heels. This structure is one of the primary shock absorbers of the hoof.

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27
Q

Lateral cartilages location

A

located above and below the coronary band, extending around the front, the sides and the back of the
hoof. Below the coronary band, they extend out over the digital cushion and attach to the back of the third phalanx bone.

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28
Q

Lateral cartilages function

A

provide resistance as the third phalanx bone descends during the weight-bearing portion of the stride, regulating the amount of pressure applied to the coriums. They assist in suspending the third phalanx bone in the correct position as well as acting as springs, storing and releasing energy during locomotion

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29
Q

coriums

A

vascular structures which manufacture hoof horn

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30
Q

Coriums (4) - what they produce

A
  1. Solar corium - sole
  2. Frog corium - frog
  3. Coronary corium - tubules and intertubular horn of the hoof wall
  4. Perioplic corium - periople
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31
Q

sensitive laminae and the insensitive laminae (white line) intermesh together to hold ______

A

hoof wall to third phalanx bone

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32
Q

Front hooves tend to be _____ than back hooves

A

rounder

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33
Q

The exterior hoof wall of the front foot should have an angle equal to _____

A

the pastern and the shoulder

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34
Q

Flat feet

A

Show a decreased angle of the foot with the ground
Low heel, flat and thin sole
Likely to sustain sole bruises

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35
Q

Rings

A

Rings may occur from fevers, laminitis, imbalanced trimming or shoeing, shoes that are too small, seasonal effects, or change in diet

May not affect soundness

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36
Q

Boxy or upright

A

Show an increased angle of the foot to the ground
High, narrow heel
Small frog
Straight walls with little flexibility

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37
Q

Club foot

A

More pronounced “boxy feet”

Hoof angle > 61 degrees

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38
Q

Long or fleshy

A

Similar in aspects to flat feet. The toe is long and cannot be reduced to normal size without risk of injury to
the internal, fleshy structures

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39
Q

Thin soles

A

Thin soles may make a horse very sensitive to hard ground and susceptible to bruising.
Horses with thin soles may benefit from having pads placed between the shoe and the sole.

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40
Q

Dropped sole

A

Horses with dropped soles have a convex sole and may, in acute cases, have the sole below the surface of the
wall.
Dropped soles are often a sign of chronic laminitis with rotation or sinking of the third phalanx bone

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41
Q

Pronounced ridges or rings

A

Sign of alteration of growth rate

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42
Q

Thrush

A

painful bacterial infection involving the central sulcus and the collateral grooves of the frog

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43
Q

Treatment of thrush

A

paring away the clefts of the frog to allow for cleaning and air to reach the central sulcus. Keeping the hoof
as dry as possible will allow the frog to heal

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44
Q

Canker

A

chronic infection of the horn tissues of the frog and the sole of the hoof
Usually occurs in wet climates

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45
Q

Treatment of Canker

A

Similar to thrush, but antibiotics may be needed

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46
Q

Quittor

A

chronic, deep-seated infection of the lateral cartilage of the third phalanx bone

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47
Q

Quittor treatment

A

remove the damaged cartilage

Discharge infected material over coronary band

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48
Q

Hoof cracks

A

Vertical splits between the hoof horn tubule

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49
Q

Contracted Heels

A

occur when the foot is abnormally narrow or actually contracted.
The condition is often caused by too little pressure on the frog

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50
Q

Sheared Heels

A

The heel of the horse’s foot has two bulbs, both of which hit the ground simultaneously in a balanced hoof.

If the hoof is unbalanced, one heel will hit the ground first, causing the horse to bear weight on the inside or outside of its heel. This causes an upward displacement of that heel bulb in relation to the other, often leading to soreness on the side that bears the brunt of the weight

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51
Q

Abscess

A

infection under the sole
horse may have an elevated digital pulse or swelling in the area of the abscess
open, drain, poultice

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52
Q

Stone bruises

A

Trauma to the inner tissues of the hoof below the sole can rupture small blood vessels, creating bruises.

53
Q

Corns

A

Bruises where the hoof wall and the bars come together at the horse’s heel.
Corns are often caused by improper
shoeing or the shoes being left on too long

54
Q

White Line Disease

A

A progressive separation of the hoof wall from the foot, starting at the bottom of the foot and moving
upward. It involves the insensitive laminae

55
Q

Navicular disease is rarely seen in _____

A

wild horses

56
Q

Navicular bone location

A

Heel - back third of frog

Behind the coffin bone, with navicular bursa and deep digital tendon running behind it

57
Q

Characteristic navicular stride

A

stiff, shuffling gait with a short, choppy stride (landing toe first due to heel pain)

58
Q

Navicular diagnostics

A

hoof testers over the center of the frog.

Because the navicular bone is located beneath this area, a horse with pain in the navicular area will test positive.

59
Q

Laminitis (founder)

A

metabolic and vascular disease involving the sensitive structures of the hoof

60
Q

Progression of laminitis (6 steps)

A
  1. bacterial endotoxins and lactic acid are released into the bloodstream.
  2. These dilate the large digital arteries to the feet, increasing the blood flow while also constricting the small capillaries that nourish the laminae.
  3. The result is a large volume of blood going to the foot,
    but not being granted entrance to the laminae.
  4. Deprived of blood and oxygen, the laminae swell, which causes compression because the hoof wall cannot accommodate the swelling.
  5. The laminae tissue is then compromised and, unless remedied, the tissue will die.
  6. When the laminae tissue dies, it weakens the attachment of the coffin within the hoof, compressing arteries and veins, and, in severe cases, rotating the bone towards the sole of the hoof.
61
Q

Most common cause of acute laminitis

A

rapid consumption of excess carbohydrates.
The carbohydrate load in the intestinal tract alters the bacterial balance within the cecum, indirectly leading to the release of endotoxins and lactic acid

62
Q

Legs affected by acute laminitis

A

Most often front

63
Q

Symptoms of acute laminitis

A

Sudden high fever, chills, sweating, diarrhea, a fast pulse (especially the digital pulse) and rapid
breathing.
The horse’s hooves are hot and quite painful

64
Q

Horse’s foot growth rate

A

1/4 inch a month

65
Q

Two basic types of shoeing

A

Hot and cold

66
Q

Hot shoeing

A

the shoe is heated in a forge, shaped, and then applied to the foot or burned on to check for proper fit and contact. The final adjustments are made and the shoe is then cooled in a bucket of water

67
Q

Benefits of hot shoeing (6)

A
  1. Easier to fit shoe to exact shape of foot
  2. Fitting clips easier and more precise
  3. Seals tubules
  4. Kills bacteria
  5. Toughens the hoof tissue that has been sealed
  6. Perfect union between shoe and foot
68
Q

Cons of hot shoeing (3)

A
  1. Cost
  2. Time
  3. Farrier must be skilled
69
Q

Pro of cold shoeing

A

Faster than hot shoeing

70
Q

Cons of cold shoeing (3)

A
  1. Harder to make ideal shape
  2. Modifications like clips and square toes are less likely to be made
  3. Difficult to fit clips
71
Q

Clinch (clench)

A

where the nail comes through the hoof and is secured by being bent down and in towards the hoof

72
Q

The wall should be rasped _____

A

up to but not beyond the clinch line

73
Q

Hoof ___ or ____ are characteristic of a small shoe

A

rings or cracks

74
Q

Short shod

A

Shoe branches do not extend far enough back to support the heels

75
Q

Broken-back hoof pastern axis

A

The pastern angle appears steeper (or more upright) than the face of the hoof.
The horse lands toe first. This is caused by a low hoof angle

76
Q

Long-toe, low-heel syndrome

A

Pastern assumes a steep angle

Stress is placed on the coffin joint, navicular structures and the deep digital flexor tendon.

Over time, the horse’s hoof loses shock absorption

77
Q

Main materials for shoes (4)

A

Steel, aluminum, synthetic and titanium

78
Q

Bar shoe

A

Constructed to strategically alter pressure on a particular part of the foot. A solid bar connects the branches to
each other

79
Q

Egg bars

A

Oval shoes that may be used to help with heel soreness or navicular

80
Q

Trailer shoes

A

An extra-long branch on one side artificially extends the horse’s heel and helps an unbalanced hoof to land squarely

81
Q

Wide web shoes

A

Increases the protection to the bottom of the foot without using a pad.

The wide web should be in contact with the wall but not the sole.

Incorrectly applied, these shoes can cause sole bruising

82
Q

Glue-on shoes

A

Used for horses who cannot tolerate nails and for certain types of lameness. Also used if a horse’s hoof wall
has been compromised in a way that makes using nails impossible.

83
Q

Five options for shoe traction

A
  1. Tapped shoes
  2. Borium
  3. Rimmed shoes
  4. Ice, mud or frost nails
  5. Heels, caulks or grabs
84
Q

Tapped shoes

A

Shoes that have holes drilled into them for screw-in studs. Studs come in a variety of heights and shapes for
different footing surfaces

85
Q

Borium

A

A metal that is welded to the shoe to provide added traction on asphalt, ice, pavement and other hard surfaces

86
Q

Rimmed shoes

A

These shoes have a groove or wedge that runs down the center of the shoe. They offer significantly more traction
than flat or keg shoes.

87
Q

Ice, mud or grost nails

A

Large headed nails that give traction until they wear down

88
Q

Heels, caulks or grabs

A

Small projections welded to the toes or the heels of shoes. They help to provide traction on grass.

89
Q

Full pads

A

Used for sole protection

90
Q

Packing materials for full pads (5)

A
  1. Polyurethane
  2. Silicone
  3. Pine tar
  4. Foam
  5. Oakum
91
Q

Types of pads (4)

A
  1. Full
  2. Wedge or degree
  3. Heel or cut out
  4. Rim
92
Q

Wedge or degree pads

A

Used to elevate heels and correct hoof angles

93
Q

Heel or cut out pads

A

To add protection to the heel and frog without covering the entire sole

94
Q

Rim pads

A

Placed between the sole and the hoof wall

Used for horses easily bruised by shoes against the soles of their feet

95
Q

Web

A

The width of the material from which the shoe is made.

96
Q

Branch

A

The length of the shoe from toe to heel

97
Q

Heel of shoe

A

Back edge of shoe

98
Q

Toe of shoe

A

Front portion of shoe

99
Q

Bearing surface

A

Part of shoe in contact with the foot

100
Q

Clips

A

Farrier draws these at either the toe or the quarter by heating and shaping the shoe

101
Q

Fullering or full swedge

A

The groove made in the ground bearing surface of the shoe

102
Q

Anvil

A

A large, shaped iron block used in the shaping of horseshoes

103
Q

Butcher block brush

A

For brushing fire scale off of hot steel. Fire scale is a layer of oxides that form on the surface of the
metal during heating.

104
Q

Clipping or turning hammer

A

For drawing clips when hot shoeing

105
Q

Creaser or fuller

A

Used to make the cut in a horseshoe where the nails are placed

106
Q

Fire tongs

A

For turning the shoes in the fire

107
Q

Fore punch

A

Makes the nail head shaped holes in handmade shoes. These come in E-head (European) and city head

108
Q

Forge

A

A coal, coke or propane fueled furnace where shoes are shaped

109
Q

Hot fitter

A

Takes the hot shoe from the forge to the foot to burn the shoe on the foot.

110
Q

Pritchel

A

Used to remove the tiny piece of steel left at the bottom of a nail hole after the fore punch has been driven into
the shoe. It can also be used to hold a hot shoe against the foot

111
Q

Rounding hammer

A

Used to shape shoes

112
Q

Shoe tongs

A

Holds a hot shoe on the anvil

113
Q

Clinch block

A

For clinching and setting nails

114
Q

Clinch cutter or buffer

A

Has a blade that is used to cut or raise clinches by placing it under the clinch and striking it with
the driving hammer

115
Q

Clinch gouge

A

Used to remove a small piece of hoof wall under the nail where it comes out of the foot, which gives the
clinches a good seat

116
Q

Clinchers

A

Bends over the piece of nail that comes out of the foot. This holds the shoe on more tightly.

117
Q

Driving hammer

A

Drives nails into the horse’s foot

118
Q

Hoof knife

A

Made in right and left handed models, this knife is used to cut or pare the outer layer of the sole.

119
Q

Hoof nipper

A

Used to cut the hoof wall

120
Q

Hoof stand

A

Holds the foot while the farrier is finishing the outside

121
Q

Hoof tester

A

Squeezes the hoof to test for tenderness.

122
Q

Loop knife

A

For paring the frog

123
Q

Nail pullers or pinchers

A

Removes nails from shoes once they have been driven into the foot

124
Q

Rasp

A

A file featuring a rough (rasp) side and a smooth (file) side, used to remove hoof tissue. Finish rasps are designed to take off a minimal amount of foot.

125
Q

Shoe puller

A

Used to pull shoes, widen shoes and cut nails when necessary

126
Q

Shoe spreaders

A

For widening the heels of shoes

127
Q

Shoeing apron

A

Heavy suede chaps that protect the farrier’s legs

128
Q

Shoeing box

A

Generally an open tool box on wheels

129
Q

Wire brush

A

Cleans the foot before shoeing

USHJA Horsemanship (16 decks)

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