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USHJA Horsemanship > Horse Health > Flashcards

Horse Health Flashcards

1
Q

Manure production per day

A

35-50 lbs

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2
Q

Water intake a day

A

around 12 gallons

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3
Q

Normal resting temperature

A

Between 99.5 and 101.5 F

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4
Q

Normal resting pulse

A

30-45 bpm

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5
Q

Normal resting respiration rate

A

12-25 bpm

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6
Q

Contraction of anthrax

A

Grazing on infected pastures

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7
Q

Contraction of botulism

A

Spores of the disease can be found in improperly-processed hay or feed containing animal matter

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8
Q

Botulism

A

Paralytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum

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9
Q

Anthrax

A

Highly infectious, deadly disease cause by Bacillus anthracis

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10
Q

Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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11
Q

Contraction of lyme disease

A

ticks

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12
Q

Lyme disease symptoms

A

It is characterized by intermittent lameness and joint pain, often with swelling involving tendon and ligaments.

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13
Q

Salmonellosis

A

The most common cause of infectious diarrhea in adult horses and a major cause of septicemia in foals

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14
Q

Strangles

A

A severe acute upper respiratory and throat infection caused by the bacteria Streptococcus equi.

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15
Q

Quarantine time for strangles

A

Six weeks

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16
Q

Tetanus

A

Caused by Clostridium tetani, tetanus is a non-contagious disease.

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17
Q

Tetanus symptoms

A

Bacteria in the wound produce a potent neurotoxin that is transmitted along nerves and ascends to the spinal cord, or is absorbed locally and carried by the bloodstream to the brain.

Without treatment, tetanus is always fatal.

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18
Q

Equine infectious anemia (swamp fever)

A

A retrovirus infection that is transmitted by all body secretions. EIA-positive
horses remain infected for life if they survive the initial onset of the disease, and present a continuous hazard to other horses.

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19
Q

Coggins test

A

Detects antibodies for EIA

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20
Q

EIA+ horses

A

Required to be reported to federal authorities, after which the owner is given the option of humane euthanasia or branding and quarantining the horse for life.

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21
Q

Equine viral arteritis (EVA)

A

EVA attacks the walls of small arteries. Petechial hemorrhages appear on the mucous membranes inside the nostrils and on the conjunctiva that covers the whites of the eyes. EVA is spread by respiratory secretions

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22
Q

Equine viral encephalomyelitis (sleeping sickness)

A

transmitted by the bite of a mosquito that has fed on an infected bird or rodent.
The disease causes a high fever followed by acute encephalitis, or swelling of the brain.

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23
Q

Types of equine encephalitis

A
  1. Eastern (EEE)
  2. Wester (WEE)
  3. Venezuluan (VEE)
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24
Q

Influenza

A

This is a contagious disease that can quickly spread through herds of horses.

Influenza is a relatively mild infection, but secondary complications may create breathing difficulties.

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25
Q

Susceptibility to influenza

A

Horses that travel are more susceptible to influenza,

due to the large number of horses to which they may be exposed

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26
Q

Source of rabies

A

The usual source of infection for a horse is a bite from

an infected wild animal such as a fox, bat, raccoon or skunk

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27
Q

Rhinopneumanitis (herpesvirus 1 and 4)

A

EHV1 is the most common respiratory illness in young horses.

It is highly contagious and is easily spread through coughs and sneezes.

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28
Q

Vesicular stomatitis

A

A contagious disease transmitted by the blood-sucking black fly.
Characterized by blister-like ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue, in the nose, and on the coronary bands of the feet.

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29
Q

Anthrax vaccine

A

Annual in areas prone to outbreaks

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30
Q

Botulism vaccine

A

Annual

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31
Q

EEE/WEE/VEE vaccine

A

North - annual

South - Every 3-6 months b/c mosquitos are more active

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32
Q

Equine viral arteritis vaccine

A

Annual in areas where EVA occurs

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33
Q

Influenza vaccine

A

Boosters every six months - very important in show horses

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34
Q

Leptospirosis vaccine

A

Annual

35
Q

Potomac fever vaccine

A

Annual in areas prone

36
Q

Rabies vaccine

A

Annual

37
Q

Rhinopneumanitis vaccine

A

At least every six months

38
Q

Strangles vaccine

A

Intranasal vaccine given once a year

39
Q

Tetanus vaccine

A

Annual unless horse gets deep cut and needs a booster

40
Q

West Nile virus vaccine

A

2x per year in areas prone to outbreaks

41
Q

Ascarids (Roundworms) manifestation

A

poor coat, distended abdomen, coughing, diarrhea,

lethargy and general unthriftiness

42
Q

Bots

A

not worms - larvae of bot fly

The cycle begins when the bot fly lays eggs on the horse’s hair and the horse licks them, transferring them to the mouth, where the larvae are eventually swallowed and end up in the horse’s stomach, attaching to the stomach lining.

43
Q

Flies and gnats

A

Flies and gnats can destroy a horse’s coat, health and well-being. Cleanliness is the first line of defense
against these winged parasites.

44
Q

Large Strongyles (Bloodworms)

A

In the arteries, strongyles may cause inflammation, blockage, anemia and aneurysm. If left unchecked, some strongyles migrate to key organs including the heart, lungs and liver

45
Q

Most damaging of all parasites

A

Large Strongyles (Bloodworms)

46
Q

Number one cause of colic

A

Bloodworms

47
Q

Lungworms

A

Donkeys are lungworms’ natural hosts. The eggs pass in manure and mature into larvae, which are swallowed with grass. The larvae migrate to the horse’s lungs, where they cause a persistent cough that gets worse with exercise.

48
Q

Pinworms

A

These worms lay their eggs, which may be visible to the naked eye, under and around the horse’s tail.

Pinworms
live in the large intestines. Their eggs quickly deteriorate outside.

Severe pinworm infestation is only seen in stabled horses. Horses affected by pinworms rub their tails, often to the point of hair loss.

49
Q

Small Strongyles (Cyathostominae)

A

Their larvae burrow into the lining of the intestinal tract until mature, when they
emerge and lay their eggs in the intestines. The larvae may also encyst within the intestinal wall and go dormant for up to two years.

50
Q

Major problem with encyted small strongyles

A

impervious to de-wormers and are unaffected by cold and dry environments

51
Q

Tapeworms (Flatworms/Cestodes):

A

Adult tapeworms attach themselves to the horse’s intestinal wall. The adult worms’
bodies segment as they mature. Eggs are passed from the horse along with the body segments. Tapeworms cause anemia,
colic and unthriftiness. Inflammation from the parasites can cause a number of intestinal problems. Most de-worming products are ineffective against tapeworms.

52
Q

Ticks

A

Do not pose a threat to horses unless they are carrying a disease

53
Q

An estimated ____% of horses in the US have tapeworms

A

60%

54
Q

Five signs of inflammation

A
  1. Heat
  2. Swelling
  3. Pain on pressure
  4. Redness
  5. Reduced use of affected area
55
Q

Edema

A

refers to a localized buildup of fluid

“stocking up”

56
Q

Water in a horses body

A

80 gallons

57
Q

Shock

A

collapse of the circulatory system due to traumatic injury. The body directs blood flow away from the extremities,
such as the legs and the head, as it attempts to deal with a serious injury

58
Q

Hives

A

areas of edema that start small and grow into large, elevated, flat-topped bumps with steep sides

59
Q

Cause of hives

A

Usually allergic reaction, can be autoimmune

60
Q

Rain rot/rain scald

A

The spores, which are activated by moisture, are present in the soil and in the scabs of infected horses. Raised tufts of hair form along the back and rump of the infected horse. The lesions are generally painful.

61
Q

Ringworm

A

Fungal infection - highly contagious
Can be passed to humans
Horse should be isolated

62
Q

Sarcoid

A

A benign tumor that is unique to equine skin.

Sarcoids are localized and do not include the underlying structures.
They are an external, cosmetic blemish that can be irritated and become ulcerated or infected.

63
Q

Two categories of sarcoids

A
  1. sessile (broad based)

2. pedunculated (with a stalk)

64
Q

Verrucous sarcoids

A

Wart-like, dry, horny masses resembling a cauliflower. They are difficult to distinguish from warts, but
generally do not have any hair around them.

Verrucous sarcoids do not regress

65
Q

Fibroblastic sarcoid

A

Develop from a wound or a verrucous sarcoid that has been traumatized.

They have the appearance of
normal granulation tissue. They may stay small for years and suddenly develop into a sore greater than 10 inches in diameter.

66
Q

Mixed sarcoid

A

A mixture of verrucous and fibroblastic.

67
Q

Occult sarcoids

A

Tumors with a flat or slightly raised and thickened aspect. If they are disturbed they may convert to the
fibroblastic form

68
Q

Sunburn prevention options

A

Sun block, Desitin or other zinc oxide cream

69
Q

Warts

A

Also known as papillomas, warts generally appear on horses under three years of age and those with compromised
immune systems. The most common locations are on the muzzle, lips, prepuce, vulva, eyelids and ears

70
Q

Scratches

A

It is generally present on the lower legs. White leg marking are predisposed to getting scratches. The skin swells and chaps, followed by weeping red skin at the back of the pasterns.

71
Q

Some causes of scratches

A
  1. caked on mud or manure
  2. urine
  3. unclean bedding
  4. marshy turnout
  5. sandy or abrasive soils
72
Q

Treatment of scratches

A

Scrub the affected area with an antiseptic soap and then
towel dry. Treat the area with corticosteroid ointment, triple antibiotic ointment, aloe vera gel, Desitin, or Vitamin A & D ointment

73
Q

Four most common antibiotics

A

trimethoprim, sulfas, penicillin, and gentamicin

74
Q

2 common corticosteroids

A

dexamethasone and predisone

75
Q

Corticosteroids

A

powerful anti-inflammatory hormones. The horse’s body naturally produces corticosteroids when adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands.

76
Q

NSAIDs

A

reduce inflammation and to help pain associated with arthritis, sprains, strains and fevers. They work
by reducing the local inflammatory reaction to an injury which controls the pain

77
Q

What do NSAIDs inhibit

A

Most inhibit Inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes

78
Q

What inhibits COX3

A

Equioxx

79
Q

4 common NSAIDs

A
  1. phenylbutazone
  2. Banamine
  3. Equioxx
  4. Ketoprofen
80
Q

Tranquilizers and sedatives

A

work through the horse’s central nervous system to circumvent a horse’s reaction to pain or
other stimuli

81
Q

3 common tranquilizers

A
  1. Detomidine (Dormosedan)
  2. Acepromazine
  3. Xylazine (rompun)
82
Q

Frequency of ulcers

A

Estimated about 60% of horses suffer with ulcers

83
Q

Ulcer treatment function

A

suppress gastric acidity and maintain a proper pH balance in the stomach. Horses are
usually treated on a daily basis for a minimum of one month.

84
Q

Omeprazole

A

Only medication approved to treat and prevent equine ulcers

USHJA Horsemanship (16 decks)

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