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USHJA Horsemanship > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Amount of feed per day

A

2-3 lbs per 100 lbs of body weight

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2
Q

Amount of feed total from roughage

A

at least 80%

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3
Q

Most important nutrient

A

water

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4
Q

Temperament feed adjustments

A

A “hot” horse may need to be fed less grain and more carbohydrates in the form of hay and grasses

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5
Q

Rangy built horse

A

Require more feed per 100lbs than blocky/chunky horses

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6
Q

Calcium/phosphorus ratio for young horses

A

1: 1.1 to 3.3

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7
Q

Lactating mares

A

These mares need the most food of any horse to adequately satisfy their body’s needs in addition to their
foal’s nutritional requirements.

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8
Q

Cellulose

A

Required for digestion

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9
Q

Proteins

A

The building blocks of cells, proteins are necessary for growth, repair and maintenance of the body. They are
found in oilseed meals, oats, barley, corn and alfalfa.

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Starches and sugar create energy

Found in grass, hay and grain

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11
Q

Fatty acids (lipids)

A

Produce extra energy, especially when carbohydrates are insufficient. Small amounts are used in digestion, particularly of vitamins. These are found in corn oil and wheat-germ oil.

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12
Q

Vitamins

A

Necessary for vital body functions. These are found in hay, grain, sunlight and vitamin supplements.

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13
Q

Minerals

A

Build and maintain tissue, especially bones, and act as triggers for body functions. These are found in hay, grain,
salt and mineral supplements

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14
Q

Nonstructural carbohydrates

A

short, simple chains of sugar, such as starch and sugar, are water soluble in water.
Nonstructural carbohydrates are broken down in the horse’s GI tract to simple sugars such as fructose or glucose and absorbed

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15
Q

Glucose production

A

Nonstructural carbohydrate digestion

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16
Q

Structure carbohydrates

A

Longer, complex chains of sugar that make up the cell walls of plants and contribute to the rigidity
of wood. Examples are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose has strong cellular bonds and needs help from bacteria to be broken down. Lignin is indigestible, even to bacteria.

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17
Q

Volatile fatty acids, or VFA

A

formed by the digestion of hay and other roughages.

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18
Q

Diet to improve a horse’s tolerance to exercise in hot weather

A

High-fat diet

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19
Q

Oil vs grain calories

A

Oils have 2x the caloric density of grain

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20
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of slow walk

A

12% increase

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21
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of fast walk

A

18% increase

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22
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of slow trot

A

46% increase

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23
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of fast trot or slow canter

A

97% increase

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24
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of medium canter

A

138% increase

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25
Ideal body score
5 on scale of 1 - 9
26
Concentrates
Grain or concentrates are high in digestible energy and, if managed correctly, should be incorporated in reasonable amounts in the performance horse’s diet.
27
Oats
high in fiber and low in digestible energy due to the fibrous hull surrounding each kernel. Oats have nine to 12 percent protein and four to five percent fat.
28
Corn
corn has the most energy (calories) per pound of any grain. It is approximately nine percent protein and three to four percent fat. To put this into perspective, one-half scoop of corn provides as much energy as one scoop of oats
29
Moldy corn can cause
Leukoencephalomalacia and aflatoxicosis
30
Barley
Similar to oats but has more energy and less fiber.
31
Beet pulp
Sugar beet pulp or beet pulp is the dried, fibrous byproduct of the sugar beet. It provides horses with a food that is high in fiber (18 percent), low in sugar and low in protein.
32
Bran
Bran is the ground up hulls of wheat. Bran is approximately 15 percent protein and three to four percent fat. It has more fiber than corn, about the same amount as oats and less than hay.
33
Bran phosphorus
Bran contains a high amount of phosphorous, of which approximately 90 percent is in the form of phytate. Phytate interferes with calcium absorption and reduces the absorption of copper, zinc and manganese. This excess phosphorus, coupled with a low amount of calcium may bring on bone problems.
34
Rice bran
An energy dense food that is useful as a fat supplement, rice bran is 20 percent highly digestible fat No more than 1 lb/2x per day
35
Rice bran phosphorus
High in phosphorus so care must be taken in balancing the calcium to phosphorus ratio.
36
gamma oryzanol
Found in rice bran thought to increase lean muscle mass
37
Pellets or extruded
Some feeds are ground, mixed together and then heated and formed into small nuggets or pellets. More digestible and easier for the horse to absorb. Pelleted and extruded products contain little or no molasses and their shelf life is longer due to processing.
38
Roughage
A horse should eat approximately one pound of roughage for every 100 pounds of body weight per day
39
Two major classes of hay
Grass | Legume
40
Grass hay
Timothy, brome, orchard grass, ryegrass, prairie hay and coastal Bermuda
41
Legume hay
Alfafa, clover, lucerne
42
Grass vs legume content
Legume hay is 20 percent higher in energy, twice as high in protein, three times as high in calcium and five times higher in vitamin A than good quality grass hay
43
Hay more likely to be overfed
Legume
44
Hay moisture content
12 to 18%
45
Damp hay
> 20%, likely to mold and spoil May combust
46
Five things to check for in hay
1. Mold 2. Dead animals (can cause botulism) 3. Blister beetles (S, SW alfafa) 4. Weeds 5. Trash/foreign objects
47
Pasture
A horse’s nutritional needs can be met by good quality pasture with free access to salt and water
48
Supplement
needed substance that is not in the horse’s normal ration
49
Ergogenic supplement
Performance-enhancing supplements that may or may not work. Much of the research has come from human studies and may not apply to equines
50
Joint supplements
Designed to promote joint health. They should contain some combination of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, silicon, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) and hyaluronic acid (HA)
51
Vitamin A
Fat soluble | Usually found in green hay and particularly in legume hay.
52
Vit A deficiencies
lead to eye, skin and | reproductive problems
53
Vit A excess
Excesses lead to bone or tendon disease. Vitamin A is stored in the liver and can be toxic if overfed.
54
Vitamin D
Fat soluble. Usually found in quality hay and produced by the horse’s body when exposed to the sun for a few hours of daylight each day.
55
Role of Vit D
Vitamin D helps with calcium and phosphorus absorption and metabolism that is critical to bone, muscle and tendon health.
56
Vit D excess
Overfeeding vitamin D can lead to bone deposits in places such as the heart, blood vessels and kidneys. Bones and joints may develop calcium deposits
57
Vit E
Fat soluble Usually found in good quality green roughage and summer pastures. Vitamin E is a useful antioxidant to stabilize cell membranes
58
Vitamin B
Water soluble. Usually found in good quality pasture and produced by the horse in the hindgut when fed adequate roughage. Helps with energy metabolism and contributes to performance.
59
Vitamin C
Water soluble. Manufactured in the liver
60
Mineral
Calcium, phosphorus and selenium are examples of minerals. Mineral imbalances and overdoses can cause serious problems.
61
Three main functions of electrolytes
1. Mediating electrical impulses to stimulate muscle contraction and movement 2. Regulating the balance of body water within the various tissue compartments 3. Maintaining normal intestinal function, adequate blood circulation, normal heart rhythm and muscular strength and coordination.
62
Sodium and chloride
Obtained from salt blocks | 1-2 ounces a day
63
Potassium
Contained in hay and grass

USHJA Horsemanship (16 decks)

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