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USHJA Horsemanship > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Amount of feed per day

A

2-3 lbs per 100 lbs of body weight

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2
Q

Amount of feed total from roughage

A

at least 80%

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3
Q

Most important nutrient

A

water

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4
Q

Temperament feed adjustments

A

A “hot” horse may need to be fed less grain and more carbohydrates in the form of hay and grasses

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5
Q

Rangy built horse

A

Require more feed per 100lbs than blocky/chunky horses

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6
Q

Calcium/phosphorus ratio for young horses

A

1: 1.1 to 3.3

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7
Q

Lactating mares

A

These mares need the most food of any horse to adequately satisfy their body’s needs in addition to their
foal’s nutritional requirements.

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8
Q

Cellulose

A

Required for digestion

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9
Q

Proteins

A

The building blocks of cells, proteins are necessary for growth, repair and maintenance of the body. They are
found in oilseed meals, oats, barley, corn and alfalfa.

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Starches and sugar create energy

Found in grass, hay and grain

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11
Q

Fatty acids (lipids)

A

Produce extra energy, especially when carbohydrates are insufficient. Small amounts are used in digestion, particularly of vitamins. These are found in corn oil and wheat-germ oil.

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12
Q

Vitamins

A

Necessary for vital body functions. These are found in hay, grain, sunlight and vitamin supplements.

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13
Q

Minerals

A

Build and maintain tissue, especially bones, and act as triggers for body functions. These are found in hay, grain,
salt and mineral supplements

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14
Q

Nonstructural carbohydrates

A

short, simple chains of sugar, such as starch and sugar, are water soluble in water.
Nonstructural carbohydrates are broken down in the horse’s GI tract to simple sugars such as fructose or glucose and absorbed

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15
Q

Glucose production

A

Nonstructural carbohydrate digestion

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16
Q

Structure carbohydrates

A

Longer, complex chains of sugar that make up the cell walls of plants and contribute to the rigidity
of wood. Examples are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose has strong cellular bonds and needs help from bacteria to be broken down. Lignin is indigestible, even to bacteria.

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17
Q

Volatile fatty acids, or VFA

A

formed by the digestion of hay and other roughages.

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18
Q

Diet to improve a horse’s tolerance to exercise in hot weather

A

High-fat diet

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19
Q

Oil vs grain calories

A

Oils have 2x the caloric density of grain

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20
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of slow walk

A

12% increase

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21
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of fast walk

A

18% increase

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22
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of slow trot

A

46% increase

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23
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of fast trot or slow canter

A

97% increase

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24
Q

A horse’s energy needs - 2 hours of medium canter

A

138% increase

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25
Q

Ideal body score

A

5 on scale of 1 - 9

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26
Q

Concentrates

A

Grain or concentrates are high in digestible energy and, if managed correctly, should be incorporated in reasonable amounts
in the performance horse’s diet.

27
Q

Oats

A

high in fiber and low in digestible energy due to the fibrous hull surrounding each kernel. Oats have nine to 12
percent protein and four to five percent fat.

28
Q

Corn

A

corn has the most energy (calories) per pound of any grain. It is approximately nine percent protein and three to four percent fat. To put this into perspective, one-half scoop of corn provides as
much energy as one scoop of oats

29
Q

Moldy corn can cause

A

Leukoencephalomalacia and aflatoxicosis

30
Q

Barley

A

Similar to oats but has more energy and less fiber.

31
Q

Beet pulp

A

Sugar beet pulp or beet pulp is the dried, fibrous byproduct of the sugar beet. It provides horses with a food that is high in
fiber (18 percent), low in sugar and low in protein.

32
Q

Bran

A

Bran is the ground up hulls of wheat. Bran is approximately 15 percent protein and three to four percent fat. It has more fiber
than corn, about the same amount as oats and less than hay.

33
Q

Bran phosphorus

A

Bran contains a high amount of phosphorous, of which approximately 90 percent is in the form of phytate. Phytate interferes
with calcium absorption and reduces the absorption of copper, zinc and manganese. This excess phosphorus, coupled with a low
amount of calcium may bring on bone problems.

34
Q

Rice bran

A

An energy dense food that is useful as a fat supplement, rice bran is 20 percent highly digestible fat

No more than 1 lb/2x per day

35
Q

Rice bran phosphorus

A

High in phosphorus so care must be taken in balancing the calcium to phosphorus ratio.

36
Q

gamma oryzanol

A

Found in rice bran thought to increase lean muscle mass

37
Q

Pellets or extruded

A

Some feeds are ground, mixed together and then heated and formed into small nuggets or pellets.

More digestible and easier for the horse to absorb.

Pelleted and extruded products contain little or no molasses and their shelf life is longer due to processing.

38
Q

Roughage

A

A horse should eat approximately one pound of roughage for every 100 pounds of
body weight per day

39
Q

Two major classes of hay

A

Grass

Legume

40
Q

Grass hay

A

Timothy, brome, orchard grass, ryegrass, prairie hay and coastal Bermuda

41
Q

Legume hay

A

Alfafa, clover, lucerne

42
Q

Grass vs legume content

A

Legume hay is 20 percent higher in energy, twice as high in protein, three times as high
in calcium and five times higher in vitamin A than good quality grass hay

43
Q

Hay more likely to be overfed

A

Legume

44
Q

Hay moisture content

A

12 to 18%

45
Q

Damp hay

A

> 20%, likely to mold and spoil

May combust

46
Q

Five things to check for in hay

A
  1. Mold
  2. Dead animals (can cause botulism)
  3. Blister beetles (S, SW alfafa)
  4. Weeds
  5. Trash/foreign objects
47
Q

Pasture

A

A horse’s nutritional needs can be met by good quality pasture with free access to salt and water

48
Q

Supplement

A

needed substance that is not in the horse’s normal ration

49
Q

Ergogenic supplement

A

Performance-enhancing supplements that may or may not work. Much of the research has come from human
studies and may not apply to equines

50
Q

Joint supplements

A

Designed to promote joint health. They should contain some combination of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate,
silicon, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) and hyaluronic acid (HA)

51
Q

Vitamin A

A

Fat soluble

Usually found in green hay and particularly in legume hay.

52
Q

Vit A deficiencies

A

lead to eye, skin and

reproductive problems

53
Q

Vit A excess

A

Excesses lead to bone or tendon disease. Vitamin A is stored in the liver and can be toxic if
overfed.

54
Q

Vitamin D

A

Fat soluble. Usually found in quality hay and produced by the horse’s body when exposed to the sun for a few
hours of daylight each day.

55
Q

Role of Vit D

A

Vitamin D helps with calcium and phosphorus absorption and metabolism that is critical
to bone, muscle and tendon health.

56
Q

Vit D excess

A

Overfeeding vitamin D can lead to bone deposits in places such as the heart,
blood vessels and kidneys. Bones and joints may develop calcium deposits

57
Q

Vit E

A

Fat soluble

Usually found in good quality green roughage and summer pastures.

Vitamin E is a useful antioxidant
to stabilize cell membranes

58
Q

Vitamin B

A

Water soluble.

Usually found in good quality pasture and produced by the horse in the hindgut when fed adequate roughage.

Helps with energy metabolism and contributes to performance.

59
Q

Vitamin C

A

Water soluble. Manufactured in the liver

60
Q

Mineral

A

Calcium, phosphorus and selenium are examples of minerals. Mineral imbalances and overdoses can cause serious problems.

61
Q

Three main functions of electrolytes

A
  1. Mediating electrical impulses to stimulate muscle contraction and movement
  2. Regulating the balance of body water within the various tissue compartments
  3. Maintaining normal intestinal function, adequate blood circulation, normal heart rhythm and muscular strength and coordination.
62
Q

Sodium and chloride

A

Obtained from salt blocks

1-2 ounces a day

63
Q

Potassium

A

Contained in hay and grass

USHJA Horsemanship (16 decks)

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