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USHJA Horsemanship > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Abaxial

A

Used in describing where something is on a limb. If a pin were dropped dead center down the inside of a limb,
this would describe something farther away from that line or to the outside of the limb

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2
Q

Axial

A

Used in describing where something is on a limb. If a pin were dropped dead center down the inside of a limb,
something near that pin would be axial.

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3
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail. Referring to back surface of upper limbs

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4
Q

Cranial

A

Toward the head. Referring to the front surface of upper limbs

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5
Q

Rostral

A

Referring to locations on the head that are in front of the cranium (nostrils, mouth etc)

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6
Q

Dorsal

A

Of, on, or related to horse’s upper side or back

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7
Q

Ventral

A

Situated on or toward the lower, abdominal part of the horse

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8
Q

Lateral

A

To the outside of the limb

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9
Q

Medial

A

To the inside of the limb

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10
Q

Near

A

Left side of horse

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11
Q

Off

A

Right side of horse

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12
Q

Limb

A

Appendage from the trunk of the horse that includes the leg

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13
Q

Leg

A

Portion of the limb from the knee or hock down

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14
Q

Digit

A

Portion of the leg from the fetlock down

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15
Q

Palmar

A

Back surface of front legs

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16
Q

Plantar

A

Back surface of hind legs

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17
Q

Solar

A

Sole of the foot or the bottom aspect of the coffin bone inside the hoof

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18
Q

Distal

A

Used in reference to the limb, referring to areas below a point of interest

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19
Q

Proximal

A

Used in reference to the limb, referring to areas above a point of interest

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20
Q

Frontal bones

A

A pair of bones, thinner than the occipital bones, found on the front of the face between the eyes

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21
Q

Incisive Bones

A

Part of the upper jaw where the incisors attach, found just below the nasal bones

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22
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A

Found between the zygomatic bones and the nasal bones, in front of the eye

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23
Q

Mandible

A

Lower portion of the jaw and the largest bone in the skull

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24
Q

Maxillary bones

A

Form the sides of the nasal cavities that contains the upper canine, pre-molars, and molars

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25
Q

Nasal Bones

A

Large bones on the front of the face that cover the nasal and oral cavities

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26
Q

Occipital Bone

A

A relatively strong and thick bone found at the back of the skull - forms the roof of the cranium

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27
Q

Parietal Bones

A

Found at the front of the top of the skull, just above the frontal bone

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28
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Form the section of the jaw just below the eye

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29
Q

Number of bones in the vertebral column

A

54 irregular

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30
Q

T/F: Difference in numbers of vertebrae may occur by breed

A

True (particularly Arabian)

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31
Q

Five parts of the vertebral column

A

cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (back), sacral (loin), coccygeal (tail)

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32
Q

Number of cervical vertebrae

A

7 including Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)

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33
Q

Number of thoracic vertebrae

A

18

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34
Q

Number of lumbar vertebrae

A

6

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35
Q

Number of sacral vertebrae

A

5 - often fuse to form sacrum

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36
Q

Fused sacral vertebrae

A

sacrum

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37
Q

Number of coccygeal vertebrae

A

18-23

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38
Q

Withers vertebrae

A

Thoracic 5-9

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39
Q

Pairs of ribs

A

18, 8 “true” and 10 “floating”

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40
Q

True ribs

A

8 pairs. Comprised entirely of bone and attach to the sternum

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41
Q

False or floating ribs

A

10 pairs. Do not attach at the midline

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42
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones making up front and hind limbs and pelvis

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43
Q

Periosteum

A

Connective tissue covering bones

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44
Q

Periostitis

A

Inflammation of the periosteum

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45
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Immovable joints that fuse with age i.e. skull

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46
Q

Joint least likely to be affected by disease

A

Fibrous joint

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47
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Limited movement joint. United by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

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48
Q

Type of joint: pelvis and vertebrae

A

Cartilaginous joint

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49
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Moveable joints

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50
Q

Joint most likely to be affected by disease and suffer injuries

A

Synovial

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51
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Produced by synovial joints. A lubricating fluid that assists the joint with movement.

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52
Q

Desmitis

A

Injury to a ligament

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53
Q

Ligament

A

Short bands of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects the periosteum of two bones, or the periosteum of one bone and cartilage of another bone .
Stabilize the joint and prevent over-stretching, over-flexing, or twisting.

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54
Q

Why do ligaments tear more easily than tendons?

A

They are not as elastic

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55
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

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56
Q

Tendon sheath

A

Protects tendon where they cross a joint

57
Q

Bursa sac

A

Protects tendons where they cross over a bone

58
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation within the tendon and paratendon, but does not involve the tendon sheath

59
Q

Paratendon

A

Loose connective tissue filling the interstices of the fascial compartment in which a tendon is situated which allows the tendon to move freely

60
Q

Tendosynovitis

A

Inflammation within the tendon sheath

61
Q

Tendon rupture or bowed tendon

A

The most severe of stress-induced inflammatory reactions resulting in hemorrhage
and edema

62
Q

Muscles

A

a band or bundle of fibrous tissues that have the ability to contract, producing movement in, or maintaining
the position of, parts of the body.

63
Q

Muscles make up ___ of a horses body weight

A

Half

64
Q

Stay apparatus

A

system of muscles, tendons and ligaments at the front and back of each limb that allows the horse to
lock all limbs and remain upright even while asleep

65
Q

Check apparatus

A

Ligaments that restrain the knee and hock points, and to the superficial and deep flexor tendons in all four limbs. The check apparatus allows the horse to sleep on its feet by locking (or checking) its lower legs in extension with little muscular effort.

66
Q

Reciprocal apparatus of the hind limb

A

insures there will be reciprocal flexing and extending of the hock and stifle joints (when the stifle flexes, the hock flexes as well). This apparatus also aids in preventing fatigue when the horse is standing.

67
Q

The stay apparatus includes

A

check appartus, reciprocal apparatus, and suspensory apparatus

68
Q

suspensory apparatus

A

system of ligaments in the lower leg that supports the fetlock joint

69
Q

Apparatus that carries most of the horse’s weight during certain phases of the stride

A

suspensory

70
Q

Prevents the fetlock joint from overextending or sinking too far toward the ground

A

suspensory

71
Q

only artery in the body which carries deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary

72
Q

7 parts of upper respiratory system

A 
Nostrils and naval cavity
Nasal turbinates
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
Trachea
73
Q

Nostrils and naval cavity

A

Horses breathe through their nostrils and the air enters the nasal cavity which is divided in half by
the nasal septum, a partition of cartilage and bone. The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the hard and soft palates

74
Q

Nasal turbinates

A

Located inside the nasal passages, these thin curling bones are covered with mucous membranes and help
to warm incoming air as it proceeds to the lungs

75
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull that connect to the nasal cavities. They serve to reduce the
weight of the skull and help warm air as it passes toward the lungs

76
Q

Pharynx

A

A common passage for food and air that is connected to the larynx

77
Q

Larynx

A

Located between the branches of the lower jaw, the larynx contains the vocal cords, controls air flow, and prevents food, water, and foreign objects from entering the lungs

78
Q

Epiglottis

A

The flap covering the opening to the windpipe (glottis) when the horse swallows

79
Q

Trachea

A

A long, cylindrical structure lined with rings of tough cartilage that runs from the larynx to the lungs

80
Q

5 parts of the lower respiratory tract

A 
Lungs
Bronchi
Alveoli
Pleura
Diaphragm
81
Q

Lungs

A

Two organs filling the thoracic (chest) cavity

82
Q

Bronchi

A

The trachea divides into two bronchi (one for each lung). These bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles inside the lung

83
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs at the end of the bronchioles responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

84
Q

Pleura

A

Protective covering of the lungs

85
Q

Diaphragm

A

A large sheet of muscle running from the underside of the back to the ribs. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. When more air intake is needed, the diaphragm contracts to expand the lungs and allow for greater oxygen intake.

86
Q

Number of hours for food to pass all the way through the digestive tract.

A

72

87
Q

Length of the digestive tract of a full-sized horse

A

100 ft

88
Q

6 parts of the digestive tract

A 
Oral cavity
Esophagus 
Stomach 
Small Intestine
Large intestine
Anus
89
Q

Oral cavity

A

The teeth cut and grind food. The food is mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that change plant starch into animal starch that horses can absorb. The tongue pushes the food back toward the esophagus and starts the swallowing process

90
Q

Esophagus

A

A masculomembranous tube 49 to 59 inches long which contracts in rhythmic fashion to move the food toward
the stomach. Horses are unable to vomit because the esophagus moves only one way.

91
Q

Stomach

A

A small, muscular sac capable of holding two to four gallons. Food is mixed with saliva and digestive juices and churned into a liquid form in the stomach.

Food is chemically broken down by the stomach’s secretions of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, rennin and lipase.

The bloodstream then begins to absorb proteins and minerals. Food then passes through the pyloric valve into the small intestine.

92
Q

The stomach works best when it

is approximately ______ full.

A

two-thirds

93
Q

Small intestine

A

A looping, folding tube approximately 70 feet long and covered with villi

94
Q

Duodenum

A

Receives the secretion of pancreatic juice from ducts in the pancreas and the liver which changes the
food from an acid concentration to a more basic form. The added enzymes aid in the breakdown of proteins, fats and starches

95
Q

Most chemical digestion occurs in the _____

A

duodenum

96
Q

Jejunum

A

This main part of the small intestine is where most proteins are absorbed into the bloodstream.

97
Q

Ileum

A

The last 40” or so of the small intestine. A valve at the end of the ileum controls the flow of food into the
cecum.

98
Q

Large intestine

A

A tube about 25 feet long where most grass, hay and bulky plant material are digested by bacteria
and converted to fatty acids. The bacteria also manufacture some essential vitamins and amino acids.

99
Q

Where are solid wastes collected?

A

large intestine

100
Q

Four parts of large intestine

A

Cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum

101
Q

Cecum

A

a four foot long pouch where roughage is broken down by fermentation

102
Q

Large colon

A

A 12 foot long tube where the last of the nutrients are broken down and absorbed. These nutrients are
mostly carbohydrates that have been derived from cellulose

103
Q

Small colon

A

A 10 foot long tube where manure balls are formed and water is absorbed

104
Q

Rectum

A

a 12 inch long holding chamber located at the end of the digestive tract

105
Q

Anus

A

Terminal structure of the digestive system

106
Q

Integumentary system

A

made up of the skin and hair of the horse and provides structural, photo-protective, immunologic and metabolic barrier protection

107
Q

6 functions of hair and skin

A
  1. Immune barrier
  2. Regulate internal body temp through sweat glands
  3. UV protection
  4. Insulation in cold
  5. Excrete waste
  6. Synthesize Vitamin D
108
Q

Three sections of brain

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

109
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest of the three parts. Responsible for memory, sensory awareness, learning and muscle movement

110
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates muscle activity and movements and controls body posture

111
Q

Brainstem

A

The intermediary between the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord. Influences heartbeat, breathing,
vision and learning

112
Q

Spinal cord

A

The path of activity for transmission of nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body.

113
Q

Somatic nerve fibers

A

carry information to and from skeletal muscles, skin, joints and appendages.

114
Q

Autonomic nerve fibers

A

act mainly on reflex with little voluntary control from the brain

115
Q

List 7 endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
Pancreas
Thymus
Ovaries and testes
116
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Produces hormones that affect other endocrine organs

117
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Works with the parathyroid to maintain proper level of calcium and produces hormones that control the rate
of growth and the metabolic rate

118
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Produces adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and corticosterone which control the metabolism and respond to stress and exercise

119
Q

Pineal gland

A

Produces melatonin which affects the circadian rhythm

120
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces pancreatic juice and insulin to control glucose levels in body

121
Q

Ovaries and testicles

A

Produce hormones that regulate reproduction

122
Q

Thymus

A

Influences cells of the immune system

123
Q

Five types of white blood cells

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Basophils, Lymphocytes

124
Q

Neutrophils

A

The most common white blood cells. These cells move rapidly to sites of infection or inflammation within the
body and will destroy bacteria entering the body

125
Q

Monocytes

A

Important in breakdown of damaged tissues

126
Q

Eosinophils

A

Cells that are most commonly associated with parasitic disease and allergic conditions

127
Q

Basophils

A

Cells that indicate long standing allergic disease or ongoing recovery from colic

128
Q

Lymphocytes

A

They produce antibodies to attack
infectious organisms. Lymphocytes possess “memory” or the ability to remember organisms they fight against and attack them if they show up again in the body.

129
Q

Tissues of the immune system (5)

A 
Bone marrow, 
thymus
lymph node and lymph tissue
lymph
lymphatic vesicles
130
Q

Bone marrow

A

Produces all cells of the system. Some cells stay in the bone marrow and mature there, while others go to
the thymus.

131
Q

Thymus

A

Organ located in the neck region of young horses where most T cells mature. The thymus gradually disappears
as horses age.

132
Q

Lymph node

A

clusters of germinal cells within a connective tissue framework that occur along lymph vessels

133
Q

Lymph tissue

A

provides the first line of defense against foreign invaders along the respiratory tract.

134
Q

Lymph

A

Colorless fluid containing white blood cells. Lymph bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

135
Q

Lymphatic vesicles

A

Channels that carry lymph throughout the body

136
Q

Interferon

A

A protein produced and released by cells that have been invaded by or come in contact with a virus.

137
Q

Interleukins

A

Chemicals produced by white blood cells that control and modulate the activity of T cells during an immune response

138
Q

Complements

A

Special proteins produced by the body that attach to the surface of antibodies. When antibodies bind to
bacterium or an infected cell, complements burn a hole in the cell membrane, which leads to cell destruction

USHJA Horsemanship (16 decks)

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