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ENR Biweekly 1 > Richter- Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Richter- Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

primordial germ cells in the male ____ and in the female _____ can divide mitotically

A

spermatogonia
oogonia

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2
Q

spermatocyte and _____ in female cannot divide mitotically

A

oocyte

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3
Q

precursors of female reproductive structures

A

Mullerian ducts

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4
Q

______ cells in females do not produce anti-mullerian hormone and female reproductive structures are able to be made

A

granulosa

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5
Q

mesenchymal cell in males involved in testosterone production and Wolffian duct progression

A

Leydig cells

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6
Q

mesenchymal cell in females that does not make androgens (testosterone) and Wolffian duct regresses

A

Theca cells

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7
Q

____ cells in males make anti-mullerian hormone which leads to regression of mullerian duct in males

A

Sertoli cells

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8
Q

_____ duct in females do not see testosterone and regresses

A

Wolffian

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9
Q

____ cells surround primary follicle (germ cells) and at this stage what can no longer happen

A

granulosa cells
mitotic cell division can no longer happen

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10
Q

primary follicle enters meiosis and forms what

A

oocyte

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11
Q

oocyte develops further with multiple layers of granulosa cells, basal lamina, and ____ cells

A

theca

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12
Q

development of follicle can only happen when

A

during menstrual cycle

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13
Q

b/t 6-12 follicles will enter race in the first week of ______

A

menstrual cycle

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14
Q

the follicles entering the race to try to become the Graffian follicle are in what states

A

either primary or secondary follicle state

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15
Q

one follicle becomes dominant and the others ____

A

regress

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16
Q

primary follicle into _____ formation and then eventually Graffian follicle

A

Antrum formation

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17
Q

at the end of the first week of menstrual cycle, what is decided

A

Graffian follicle

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18
Q

what occurs at the end of second week of menstrual cycle

A

ovulation occurs

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19
Q

remaining cells are turned into ______ and synthesis hormones estrogen and progesterone

A

corpus luteum

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20
Q

what is absolutely critical to allow oocyte once it is fertilized to develop further and implant and start pregnancy

A

corpus luteum formation and estrogen and progesterone synthesis

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21
Q

oocyte is where in the Graffian follicle

A

along the edge

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22
Q

important in steroid synthesis and are on outside of basal lamina

A

theca cells

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23
Q

in ______ spermatocytes are continuously produced, so many of them (open system)

A

seminiferous tubules

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24
Q

closed system in which the follicle surrounds 1 oocyte and will be released when graffian cell ruptures

A

in females

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25
Q

_____ is larger than spermatocyte

A

oocyte

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26
Q

Spermatogenesis; Androgen production
constant from puberty until end of life

A

function of testis

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27
Q

Oogenesis; Estrogen production
Fetal Maintenance; Progesterone production
The two endocrine systems operate sequentially, thus the menstrual cycle

A

function of ovary

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28
Q

what actually implants

A

blastocyst

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29
Q

Can get pregnancy if ____ days prior to ovulation if sperm is in there

A

5

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30
Q

Can get pregnancy if there is sperm in there _____days after egg was ovulated

A

2

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31
Q

if fertilization occurs (3 and 4th week)—- what is increased

A

progesterone (p for pregnancy)

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32
Q

Mid cycle is ovulation, if the egg is not fertilized within ____days, it cannot develop and will not implant; cant try to get pregnant again until a month later

A

2

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33
Q

Primordial follicle: precursors of _______cells attach, this is a signal that mitotic cell division has to stop and now cell enters meiosis and is an oocyte (no longer oogonia)

A

granulosa

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34
Q

follicle can develop anytime from childhood and onset of puberty

A

secondary follicle state

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35
Q

after secondary follicle state, further development is absolutely ______ dependent

A

gonadotropin

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36
Q

_____ begins in utero

A

oogenesis

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37
Q

_____ starts with puberty

A

spermatogenesis

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38
Q

by 6 months post partum, all _____ have been converted to oocytes

A

oogonia

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39
Q

Only 1-2 million follicles remain at birth; _____ follicles form during fetal life and infancy and are composed of an oocyte surrounded by mature granulosa cells

A

primary

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40
Q

composed of an oocyte surrounded by granulosa precursor cells

A

primordial follicle

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41
Q

______ follicles form in a gonadotropin-independent fashion before puberty; the oocyte is surrounded by two layers of cells:
granulosa cells (2 layers) and theca cells

A

secondary

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42
Q

No further development of ______-follicles occurs until puberty

A

secondary

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43
Q

in males, ____ proliferate from puberty until death

A

spermatogonia

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44
Q

in females, _____ proliferation of germ cells occurs prior to birth

A

mitotic

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45
Q

in males, meiotic divisions of a _____ spermatocyte produces 4 mature spermatozoa

A

primary

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46
Q

in females, meiotic divisions of _____ oocyte produces only ONE secondary oocyte

A

primary

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47
Q

in males, the products of meiosis (_______) further differentiate during maturation

A

spermatids

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48
Q

in females, second meiotic division is completed ONLY after _____

A

fertilization

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49
Q

stop at ______ of meiosis I until puberty

A

Prophase I

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50
Q

stop at _____ of meiosis II until fertilization

A

metaphase II

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51
Q

germ cell that will become Graffian follicle gets rid of ______ copies of chromosomes (1st polar body)

A

2

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52
Q

egg that is fertilized is still ___N

A

2N

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53
Q

after fertilization, _______ is sloughed off

A

2nd polar body

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54
Q

what acts on secondary follicle and supports growth and steroid synthesis

A

LH and FSH

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55
Q

____ promote steroid synthesis and negative feedback on GnRH secretion

A

LH and FSH

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55
Q

____produced by Sertoli cells can negatively inhibit FSH transcription in pituitary

A

inhibin

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56
Q

____ can lead to LH inhibition

A

testosterone

57
Q

____ can be inhibitory or promote further FSH and LH production

A

estrogen

58
Q

oscillations of _____ release occur every couple of hours

A

GnRH

59
Q

one axis, PKC drives transcription of ___ and ____

A

FSH and LH

60
Q

on the other axis, PLC into IP3 and DAG cause _____to allow fusion of vesicle to membrane and release of LH and FSH

A

Ca2+

61
Q

____pulsatile secretion is initiated in puberty

A

GnRH

62
Q

first week of menstruation:

A

6-12 follicles enter race to become Graffian follicle

63
Q

second week of menstrual cycle:

A

Graffian follicle grows

64
Q

Ovulation (end of second week):

A

Graffian follicle ruptures; egg is released to be fertilized

65
Q

what happens to the other follicular cells that didn’t become Graffian follicle

A

turn into corpus luteum (yellow body) and will make estrogen and progesterone

66
Q

_____ is made during follicular phase

A

estrogen

67
Q

_____ is made during luteal phase

A

progesterone

68
Q

granulosa cells have receptors for _____ in follicular stage

A

FSH

69
Q

____ stimulates follicular growth in follicular phase

A

FSH

70
Q

_____ cells of the growing follicles secrete estrogen in follicular phase

A

granulosa cells

71
Q

in follicular phase, what responds to LH and promotes estrogen synthesis

A

theca cells on outside of follicle

72
Q

_____ cells inside follicle interact with germ cell and have receptors for FSH that promote follicle growth in follicular phase

A

granulosa

73
Q

in males, ______ cells make testosterone

A

Leydig cells

74
Q

what synthesizes estrogen

A

part of theca cells and part of granulosa cells

75
Q

what happens near ovulation (second part of follicular stage)

A

estrogen surge

76
Q

positive feedback on LH and FSH by stimulating GnRH

A

estrogen surge

77
Q

what also surges near ovulation

A

LH

78
Q

near ovulation, what cells now have receptors for LH

A

granulosa cells

79
Q

____ also stimulates thickening of endometrium near ovulation

A

estrogen

80
Q

______ feedback (LH and FSH promote growth of follicle) including more estrogen synthesis and feedsback to make more gonadotropins———LH surge

A

positive feedback

81
Q

during the LH surge near ovulation, what now responds to LH

A

theca and granulosa cells

82
Q

what peak drives LH surge and leads to rupture of Graffian follicle and ovulation

A

estrogen

83
Q

cell proliferation and vascularization of endometrium happens near ovulation due to what

A

estrogen

84
Q

_______ triggers an inflammatory reaction: Inflammation, prostaglandin mediated, proteases being released that cleave extracellular proteins and graffian follicle ruptures releasing egg and creating window for fertilization

A

LH surge during ovulation

85
Q

in the luteal phase, ____ lutenizes remaining follicular tissue into corpus luteum

A

LH

86
Q

in the luteal phase, what secretes estrogen and progesterone

A

corpus luteum

87
Q

___ and ___ act together to negatively feedback on GnRH, LH and FSH

A

estrogen and progesterone

88
Q

drop in __ and ___ in luteal phase

A

FSH and LH

89
Q

what happens in the late luteal phase if no pregnancy occurs

A

corpus luteum disintegrates, forms corpus albiacans and atrophies due to apoptosis

90
Q

in late luteal phase when corpus luteum disintegrates, what declines

A

estrogen and progesterone

91
Q

yellow body

A

corpus luteum

92
Q

white body

A

corpus albicans

93
Q

what levels recover and gets us back to homeostasis and the whole cycle begins again

A

secretion of GnRH, LH and FSH

94
Q

Right before ovulation is _____- feedback that creates LH surge but every other part of cycle has negative feedback

A

positive

95
Q

The source of all the estrogen and progesterone is the ______follicle, not the whole ovary with the other follicles

A

one

96
Q

late luteal phase also has disintegration of what

A

endometrium

97
Q

all the ______ diffuse across membrane and find receptor, dimerization, goes into nucleus and acts as transcription factors bind to promoter regions of genes, promoting or suppressing transcription

A

steroids (estrogens, progesterone and androgens)

98
Q

___ and ____ bind to androgen receptor

A

testosterone and DHT

99
Q

____ and ___ have their own receptor

A

progesterone and estrogen

100
Q

First thing to stimulate estrogen synthesis:

A

shuttle more cholesterol into inner-mitochondrial membrane b/c that’s where the side chain cleavage enzyme is located mediated by protein called STAR by cAMP

101
Q

cholesterol into pregnenolone by ___

A

STAR

102
Q

____ oxidizes pregnenolone and makes progesterone

A

3beta-HSD

103
Q

to get to estrogen, have to further take carbons off , _____ enzyme hydroxylases and oxidizes and end up with estradiol

A

P450

104
Q

what enzyme converts estradiol into estrogen

A

aromatase

105
Q

____ is most potent for receptor

A

estradiol

106
Q

___ cells lack aromatase, thus they cannot make estradiol, but instead make androstenedione that is cAMP mediated

A

theca cells

107
Q

____ diffuses to granulosa cells where it is converted to estradiol by aromatase and 17 beta- HSD

A

androsenedione

108
Q

androstenedione into ____ and then into estradiol

A

estrone

109
Q

effects of FSH in granulosa cell are mediated by ______ pathway

A

Gs (cAMP)

110
Q

_____– induces FSH and LH receptor expression on granulosa cells (required for ovulation), and stimulates granulosa cell proliferation

A

FSH

111
Q

_____ promotes production of androstenedione into estradiol and also stimulates follicle growth

A

FSH

112
Q

growth of follicle by______ cause granulosa cells to proliferate and support the egg and get bigger

A

FSH

113
Q

follicular phase: theca cells have ___ receptor and granulosa cells have ____ receptor

A

LH; FSH

114
Q

run up to LH surge (ovulation), _____ cells acquire LH receptors and can respond to LH surge

A

granulosa

115
Q

by responding to LH, granulosa cells can shuttle more ___ into inner mitochondrial membrane in the run up to ovulation

A

cholesterol

116
Q

why you have increase in progesterone release after LH surge:

A

granulosa cells now more actively involved in progesterone synthesis, they cannot turn the progesterone over into estradiol bc they are missing the p450 enzyme that takes the 2 carbons off 17 position and turns progesterone into androstenedione

117
Q

in follicular phase, ____ causes negative feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH; and estradiol increases Inhibin B which suppresses FSH expression

A

estrogen

118
Q

only during ovulation, increased _____ increases LH expression and release and initiates ovulation

A

estradiol

119
Q

in luteal phase, ___ cells in corpus luteum responding to LH and making progesterone

A

granulosa cells

120
Q

different source of estrogen in pregnant female:

A

fetal-placental complex

121
Q

___ drives development of female reproductive system

A

estrogen

122
Q

after menopause when estrogen drops, what is more prominent

A

osteoporosis

123
Q

____in birth control pills increase hepatic production of coagulation factors and can have increased risk for clotting

A

estrogen

124
Q

huge drive from LH on _____ to synthesize progesterone

A

corpus luteum

125
Q

______ effect on uterus : differentiation of cells to make very sticky mucus (useful to trap blastocyst and help it settle into endometrium); suppress smooth muscle contraction to maintain pregnancy (true in luteal phase of each cycle and during the 9 months of pregnancy to maintain it)

A

progesterone

126
Q

estrogen and progesterone have ___ feedback in luteal phase to suppress gonadotropins

A

negative

127
Q

if no implantation, ____ disintegrates and progesterone isn’t secreted

A

corpus luteum

128
Q

decreased progesterone leads to:

A

stop of endometrium growth and endometrium break down (menstruation)

129
Q

____ cells make inhibin in follicular and luteal phase

A

granulosa

130
Q

in luteal phase, __ and __ providing negative feedback

A

estrogen and progesterone

131
Q

in luteal phase, corpus luteum makes inhibin that can suppress ___

A

FSH

132
Q

in the follicular phase, estrogen does what to endometrium

A

makes it thicker (proliferative phase)

133
Q

____ increases progesterone in the endometrial cells and also increases production of a watery cervical mucous in the proliferative phase of uterine cycle

A

estradiol

134
Q

______ causes differentiation and secretion of sticky mucus to allow implantation and prevents smooth muscle contractions in the secretory phase of uterine cycle

A

progesterone

135
Q

_____ happens if no pregnancy occurs and progesterone goes away

A

mentruation

136
Q

follicles no longer respond to FSH and LH and do not grow, no Graffian follicle develops
feedback mechanisms still in place though; reduced estrogen production (no neg feedback to suppress GnRH, FSH, LH); FSH and LH are really elevated and women are in menopause
hormones try to stimulate follicular growth, but the follicles are not responding

A

menopause

137
Q

fertility ceases
age 37 —- follicles just don’t develop into Graffian follicle, they don’t respond to LH and FSH

A

menopause

138
Q

fetal-placental complex
_______ makes hormone hCG—-can act on both LH and FSH receptors, mimicking LH and FSH if implantation does occur

A

syncitiotrophoblast

139
Q

best way to induce ovulation

A

inject FSH and LH or take hCG (not estrogen)

ENR Biweekly 1 (11 decks)

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