Richter- Female Reproductive System Flashcards
primordial germ cells in the male ____ and in the female _____ can divide mitotically
spermatogonia
oogonia
spermatocyte and _____ in female cannot divide mitotically
oocyte
precursors of female reproductive structures
Mullerian ducts
______ cells in females do not produce anti-mullerian hormone and female reproductive structures are able to be made
granulosa
mesenchymal cell in males involved in testosterone production and Wolffian duct progression
Leydig cells
mesenchymal cell in females that does not make androgens (testosterone) and Wolffian duct regresses
Theca cells
____ cells in males make anti-mullerian hormone which leads to regression of mullerian duct in males
Sertoli cells
_____ duct in females do not see testosterone and regresses
Wolffian
____ cells surround primary follicle (germ cells) and at this stage what can no longer happen
granulosa cells
mitotic cell division can no longer happen
primary follicle enters meiosis and forms what
oocyte
oocyte develops further with multiple layers of granulosa cells, basal lamina, and ____ cells
theca
development of follicle can only happen when
during menstrual cycle
b/t 6-12 follicles will enter race in the first week of ______
menstrual cycle
the follicles entering the race to try to become the Graffian follicle are in what states
either primary or secondary follicle state
one follicle becomes dominant and the others ____
regress
primary follicle into _____ formation and then eventually Graffian follicle
Antrum formation
at the end of the first week of menstrual cycle, what is decided
Graffian follicle
what occurs at the end of second week of menstrual cycle
ovulation occurs
remaining cells are turned into ______ and synthesis hormones estrogen and progesterone
corpus luteum
what is absolutely critical to allow oocyte once it is fertilized to develop further and implant and start pregnancy
corpus luteum formation and estrogen and progesterone synthesis
oocyte is where in the Graffian follicle
along the edge
important in steroid synthesis and are on outside of basal lamina
theca cells
in ______ spermatocytes are continuously produced, so many of them (open system)
seminiferous tubules
closed system in which the follicle surrounds 1 oocyte and will be released when graffian cell ruptures
in females
_____ is larger than spermatocyte
oocyte
Spermatogenesis; Androgen production
constant from puberty until end of life
function of testis
Oogenesis; Estrogen production
Fetal Maintenance; Progesterone production
The two endocrine systems operate sequentially, thus the menstrual cycle
function of ovary
what actually implants
blastocyst
Can get pregnancy if ____ days prior to ovulation if sperm is in there
5
Can get pregnancy if there is sperm in there _____days after egg was ovulated
2
if fertilization occurs (3 and 4th week)—- what is increased
progesterone (p for pregnancy)
Mid cycle is ovulation, if the egg is not fertilized within ____days, it cannot develop and will not implant; cant try to get pregnant again until a month later
2
Primordial follicle: precursors of _______cells attach, this is a signal that mitotic cell division has to stop and now cell enters meiosis and is an oocyte (no longer oogonia)
granulosa
follicle can develop anytime from childhood and onset of puberty
secondary follicle state
after secondary follicle state, further development is absolutely ______ dependent
gonadotropin
_____ begins in utero
oogenesis
_____ starts with puberty
spermatogenesis
by 6 months post partum, all _____ have been converted to oocytes
oogonia
Only 1-2 million follicles remain at birth; _____ follicles form during fetal life and infancy and are composed of an oocyte surrounded by mature granulosa cells
primary
composed of an oocyte surrounded by granulosa precursor cells
primordial follicle
______ follicles form in a gonadotropin-independent fashion before puberty; the oocyte is surrounded by two layers of cells:
granulosa cells (2 layers) and theca cells
secondary
No further development of ______-follicles occurs until puberty
secondary
in males, ____ proliferate from puberty until death
spermatogonia
in females, _____ proliferation of germ cells occurs prior to birth
mitotic
in males, meiotic divisions of a _____ spermatocyte produces 4 mature spermatozoa
primary
in females, meiotic divisions of _____ oocyte produces only ONE secondary oocyte
primary
in males, the products of meiosis (_______) further differentiate during maturation
spermatids
in females, second meiotic division is completed ONLY after _____
fertilization
stop at ______ of meiosis I until puberty
Prophase I
stop at _____ of meiosis II until fertilization
metaphase II
germ cell that will become Graffian follicle gets rid of ______ copies of chromosomes (1st polar body)
2
egg that is fertilized is still ___N
2N
after fertilization, _______ is sloughed off
2nd polar body
what acts on secondary follicle and supports growth and steroid synthesis
LH and FSH
____ promote steroid synthesis and negative feedback on GnRH secretion
LH and FSH
____produced by Sertoli cells can negatively inhibit FSH transcription in pituitary
inhibin
____ can lead to LH inhibition
testosterone
____ can be inhibitory or promote further FSH and LH production
estrogen
oscillations of _____ release occur every couple of hours
GnRH
one axis, PKC drives transcription of ___ and ____
FSH and LH
on the other axis, PLC into IP3 and DAG cause _____to allow fusion of vesicle to membrane and release of LH and FSH
Ca2+
____pulsatile secretion is initiated in puberty
GnRH
first week of menstruation:
6-12 follicles enter race to become Graffian follicle
second week of menstrual cycle:
Graffian follicle grows
Ovulation (end of second week):
Graffian follicle ruptures; egg is released to be fertilized
what happens to the other follicular cells that didn’t become Graffian follicle
turn into corpus luteum (yellow body) and will make estrogen and progesterone
_____ is made during follicular phase
estrogen
_____ is made during luteal phase
progesterone
granulosa cells have receptors for _____ in follicular stage
FSH
____ stimulates follicular growth in follicular phase
FSH
_____ cells of the growing follicles secrete estrogen in follicular phase
granulosa cells
in follicular phase, what responds to LH and promotes estrogen synthesis
theca cells on outside of follicle
_____ cells inside follicle interact with germ cell and have receptors for FSH that promote follicle growth in follicular phase
granulosa
in males, ______ cells make testosterone
Leydig cells
what synthesizes estrogen
part of theca cells and part of granulosa cells
what happens near ovulation (second part of follicular stage)
estrogen surge
positive feedback on LH and FSH by stimulating GnRH
estrogen surge
what also surges near ovulation
LH
near ovulation, what cells now have receptors for LH
granulosa cells
____ also stimulates thickening of endometrium near ovulation
estrogen
______ feedback (LH and FSH promote growth of follicle) including more estrogen synthesis and feedsback to make more gonadotropins———LH surge
positive feedback
during the LH surge near ovulation, what now responds to LH
theca and granulosa cells
what peak drives LH surge and leads to rupture of Graffian follicle and ovulation
estrogen
cell proliferation and vascularization of endometrium happens near ovulation due to what
estrogen
_______ triggers an inflammatory reaction: Inflammation, prostaglandin mediated, proteases being released that cleave extracellular proteins and graffian follicle ruptures releasing egg and creating window for fertilization
LH surge during ovulation
in the luteal phase, ____ lutenizes remaining follicular tissue into corpus luteum
LH
in the luteal phase, what secretes estrogen and progesterone
corpus luteum
___ and ___ act together to negatively feedback on GnRH, LH and FSH
estrogen and progesterone
drop in __ and ___ in luteal phase
FSH and LH
what happens in the late luteal phase if no pregnancy occurs
corpus luteum disintegrates, forms corpus albiacans and atrophies due to apoptosis
in late luteal phase when corpus luteum disintegrates, what declines
estrogen and progesterone
yellow body
corpus luteum
white body
corpus albicans
what levels recover and gets us back to homeostasis and the whole cycle begins again
secretion of GnRH, LH and FSH
Right before ovulation is _____- feedback that creates LH surge but every other part of cycle has negative feedback
positive
The source of all the estrogen and progesterone is the ______follicle, not the whole ovary with the other follicles
one
late luteal phase also has disintegration of what
endometrium
all the ______ diffuse across membrane and find receptor, dimerization, goes into nucleus and acts as transcription factors bind to promoter regions of genes, promoting or suppressing transcription
steroids (estrogens, progesterone and androgens)
___ and ____ bind to androgen receptor
testosterone and DHT
____ and ___ have their own receptor
progesterone and estrogen
First thing to stimulate estrogen synthesis:
shuttle more cholesterol into inner-mitochondrial membrane b/c that’s where the side chain cleavage enzyme is located mediated by protein called STAR by cAMP
cholesterol into pregnenolone by ___
STAR
____ oxidizes pregnenolone and makes progesterone
3beta-HSD
to get to estrogen, have to further take carbons off , _____ enzyme hydroxylases and oxidizes and end up with estradiol
P450
what enzyme converts estradiol into estrogen
aromatase
____ is most potent for receptor
estradiol
___ cells lack aromatase, thus they cannot make estradiol, but instead make androstenedione that is cAMP mediated
theca cells
____ diffuses to granulosa cells where it is converted to estradiol by aromatase and 17 beta- HSD
androsenedione
androstenedione into ____ and then into estradiol
estrone
effects of FSH in granulosa cell are mediated by ______ pathway
Gs (cAMP)
_____– induces FSH and LH receptor expression on granulosa cells (required for ovulation), and stimulates granulosa cell proliferation
FSH
_____ promotes production of androstenedione into estradiol and also stimulates follicle growth
FSH
growth of follicle by______ cause granulosa cells to proliferate and support the egg and get bigger
FSH
follicular phase: theca cells have ___ receptor and granulosa cells have ____ receptor
LH; FSH
run up to LH surge (ovulation), _____ cells acquire LH receptors and can respond to LH surge
granulosa
by responding to LH, granulosa cells can shuttle more ___ into inner mitochondrial membrane in the run up to ovulation
cholesterol
why you have increase in progesterone release after LH surge:
granulosa cells now more actively involved in progesterone synthesis, they cannot turn the progesterone over into estradiol bc they are missing the p450 enzyme that takes the 2 carbons off 17 position and turns progesterone into androstenedione
in follicular phase, ____ causes negative feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH; and estradiol increases Inhibin B which suppresses FSH expression
estrogen
only during ovulation, increased _____ increases LH expression and release and initiates ovulation
estradiol
in luteal phase, ___ cells in corpus luteum responding to LH and making progesterone
granulosa cells
different source of estrogen in pregnant female:
fetal-placental complex
___ drives development of female reproductive system
estrogen
after menopause when estrogen drops, what is more prominent
osteoporosis
____in birth control pills increase hepatic production of coagulation factors and can have increased risk for clotting
estrogen
huge drive from LH on _____ to synthesize progesterone
corpus luteum
______ effect on uterus : differentiation of cells to make very sticky mucus (useful to trap blastocyst and help it settle into endometrium); suppress smooth muscle contraction to maintain pregnancy (true in luteal phase of each cycle and during the 9 months of pregnancy to maintain it)
progesterone
estrogen and progesterone have ___ feedback in luteal phase to suppress gonadotropins
negative
if no implantation, ____ disintegrates and progesterone isn’t secreted
corpus luteum
decreased progesterone leads to:
stop of endometrium growth and endometrium break down (menstruation)
____ cells make inhibin in follicular and luteal phase
granulosa
in luteal phase, __ and __ providing negative feedback
estrogen and progesterone
in luteal phase, corpus luteum makes inhibin that can suppress ___
FSH
in the follicular phase, estrogen does what to endometrium
makes it thicker (proliferative phase)
____ increases progesterone in the endometrial cells and also increases production of a watery cervical mucous in the proliferative phase of uterine cycle
estradiol
______ causes differentiation and secretion of sticky mucus to allow implantation and prevents smooth muscle contractions in the secretory phase of uterine cycle
progesterone
_____ happens if no pregnancy occurs and progesterone goes away
mentruation
follicles no longer respond to FSH and LH and do not grow, no Graffian follicle develops
feedback mechanisms still in place though; reduced estrogen production (no neg feedback to suppress GnRH, FSH, LH); FSH and LH are really elevated and women are in menopause
hormones try to stimulate follicular growth, but the follicles are not responding
menopause
fertility ceases
age 37 —- follicles just don’t develop into Graffian follicle, they don’t respond to LH and FSH
menopause
fetal-placental complex
_______ makes hormone hCG—-can act on both LH and FSH receptors, mimicking LH and FSH if implantation does occur
syncitiotrophoblast
best way to induce ovulation
inject FSH and LH or take hCG (not estrogen)
