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ENR Biweekly 1 > Fields: Fertilization > Flashcards

Fields: Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

primordial germ cells undergo _____ during the weeks 4-5 and are now called oogonia

A

mitosis

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2
Q

when does mitosis cease for all oogonia

A

5th month

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3
Q

when does meiosis begin for all oogonia

A

5th month

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4
Q

when oogonia go through meiosis I what do they become

A

primary oocytes

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5
Q

what happens at birth for primary oocytes

A

they stop at prophase I of meiosis I

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6
Q

at puberty (age 12-13), what happens

A

meiosis I resumes and completes and meiosis II begins

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7
Q

what forms when meiosis II begins after puberty

A

secondary oocytes

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8
Q

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in each cell

A

diploid

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9
Q

There are 2 sister chromatids/homologous chromosome or 2 x 23 = 46 chromatids

A

2n

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10
Q

1 of each pair of homologous chromosomes in each cell

A

1n (haploid)

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11
Q

when do breast buds start to form and also pubic hair

A

age 9-11

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12
Q

when does acne first appear; armpit hair; increase in height at fastest rate

A

after age 12

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13
Q

first period arrives; puberty begins (meiosis II begins)

A

around age 8-13

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14
Q

number of eggs will decrease from 7-10 million to ovulate only ____ throughout an individuals lifetime

A

400

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15
Q

when does mitosis of spermatogonia start

A

at puberty (9-14 yrs)

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16
Q

Type A or Type B is used for spermatogonia

A

Type B

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17
Q

after mitosis, what do spermatogonia become

A

primary spermatocytes

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18
Q

what do primary spermatocytes undergo to become secondary spermatocytes

A

meiosis I and II

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19
Q

_____ undergo differentiation and become active sperm (spermatozoa)

A

spermatids

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20
Q

males produce_____throughout lifetime

A

sperm

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21
Q

after meiosis II in spermatogenesis, what do you get

A

4 spermatids (4 cells)

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22
Q

after meiosis II in females, what do you get

A

1 egg (1 cell), with 3 polar bodies

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23
Q

haploid egg + haploid sperm=

A

diploid cell (zygote)

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24
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatid to spermatozoan (sperm)

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25
Q

where do spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis occur

A

seminiferous tubules

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26
Q

compartment adjacent to basement membrane

A

basal compartment

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27
Q

compartment adjacent to the lumen

A

Adluminal compartment

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28
Q

prevents harmful blood borne agents from reaching the developing spermatogonia

A

blood testis barrier

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29
Q

____ junctions b/t sertoli cells create blood testis barrier

A

tight junctions

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30
Q

nondisjunction causing 47 XXY
gynecomastia
small testes
low testosterone
sterile

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

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31
Q

nondisjunction causing 47 XYY
low weight and taller than normal
delayed puberty
acne
lower IQ

A

Jacob’s syndrome

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32
Q

nondisjunction involving 45 XO
small stature
sterile
web neck

A

Turner’s syndrome

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33
Q

Flattened granulosa cells that surround primordial germ cells

A

Primordial follicle

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34
Q

Cuboid cells.
They secretes estrogen

A

Primary follicle

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35
Q

Acellular membrane secreted by follicle c

A

membrane granulosa

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36
Q

Acellular membrane between the egg and follicle cells. Formed from secretory. products of the egg and follicle cell.

A

Zona Pellucida

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37
Q

Cells adjacent to the membrane granulosa.
Derived from differentiation of fibroblast.
They secret testosterone.

A

Theca cells

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38
Q

primordial, primary, growing, antral follicle with what stage of oocyte development

A

primary oocyte

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39
Q

mature/Graffian follicle with what stage of oocyte development

A

secondary oocyte

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40
Q

Once the population of eggs becomes very low, the woman enters ____

A

menopause

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41
Q

egg breaks through what two layers to be released from Graffian follicle into peritoneal cavity

A

stigma and mesovarium

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42
Q

postovulatory follicle becomes what

A

corpus hemorrhagicum

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43
Q

theca and granulosa cells mix and become ____ and secrete progesterone

A

corpus luteum

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44
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

lower abd pain associated with ovulation, and occurs midway through menstrual cycle

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45
Q

what does corpus luteum become if fertilization doesnt occur

A

corpus albicans

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46
Q

where does fertilization occur in females

A

ampulla of fallopian (uterine) tube

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47
Q

occurs in female reproductive tract; membrane proteins will be shed from the sperm and head of sperm (acrosome) exposed

A

capacitation

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48
Q

egg is ovulated where

A

peritoneal cavity

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49
Q

what picks up ovulated egg

A

fimbriae

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50
Q

occurs when sperm comes in contact with follicle cells of the corona radiate in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
When contact is made with follicular cells, the acrosomal cap disintegrates exposing surface protein on the acrosome membrane

A

acrosome reaction

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51
Q

sperm surface proteins bind to receptors on ______ of egg

A

zona pellucida

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52
Q

Scaring of uterine tube from ____ can prevent transport of egg and sperm

A

STDs

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53
Q

The sperm penetrates the corona radiate and comes in contact with the egg membrane. This creates an electrical gradient that knocks other sperm off

A

fast block

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54
Q

cortical granules (blue box) are released into the perivitelline space (PVS) between the zona pellucida (ZP) and the egg membrane. Fluid follows the granules into this space, and enlarging the space. Makes it harder for the sperm to reach the egg.

A

cortical reaction

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55
Q

Hardening of the zona pellucida

A

zona reaction

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56
Q

why are there 3 ways to prevent polyspermy

A

to prevent molar pregnancies

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57
Q

2 types of molar pregnancies

A

partial and complete

58
Q

why is it important that all placental tissue is removed after birth

A

to prevent choriocarcinoma

59
Q

Genome abnormality that yields
> 2 multiples of haploid chromosomes

A

polyploidy

60
Q

69 chromosomes

A

triploid

61
Q

spotty bleeding (grape like vesicles)
elevated hCG
embryo
cystic placenta

A

partial molar pregnancy

62
Q

produced by non-disjunction of a single chromosome and not the total genome

A

trisomy (aneuploidy)

63
Q

spotty bleeding
elevated hCG
cystic placenta
no embryo

A

complete molar pregnancy (diploid 2n)

64
Q
A

complete molar pregnancy

65
Q
A

metastatic choriocarcinoma

66
Q

fertilized egg aka

A

zygote

67
Q

genomes of sperm and egg will come together and form what

A

zygote

68
Q

You can take 16 cell out and it will develop into individual (what is that called)

A

morula

69
Q

inner cell mass will become

A

embryo

70
Q

trophoblast will become

A

placenta

71
Q

Secreted by the blastomeres 24-48 hours
post - fertilization

A

EPF (early pregnancy factor)

72
Q

blastocele cavity will become

A

chorionic cavity

73
Q

inner cell mass into what 2 things that form bilaminar disc

A

epiblast and hypoblast

74
Q

are invasive, penetrate the uterine epithelium & implant in the
uterine endometrium

A

trophoblast cells

75
Q

differentiate into cytotrophoblast cells

A

trophoblast

76
Q

cytotrophoblast fuse and form multicellular ______ cells

A

syncytiotrophoblast cells

77
Q

what secrete hCG in placenta

A

syncytiotrophoblast

78
Q

____ pregnancies most commonly occur in ampulla of uterine (fallopian) tube

A

ectopic

79
Q

can occur in the Peritoneal Cavity, Peritoneum or Rectouterine Pouch/Pouch of Douglas. 96% occur in the uterine tube

A

ectopic pregnancies

80
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast stimulate formation of _______cells in the endometrium

A

decidual

81
Q

are differentiated fibroblast cells. They secrete prolactin that initiates development of the mammary glands & milk production

A

Decidual cells

82
Q

creates an immunologically privileged site for the embryo in the uterus

A

decidua

83
Q

_____ implanted can be considered foreign body b/c male component is in it

A

zygote

84
Q

2 zones of endometrium

A

functional
basal

85
Q

this zone of endometrium contains majority of glands and is sloughed off during menstruation

A

functional zone

86
Q

layer of endometrium just under myometrium; smooth muscle of uterus

A

basal zone

87
Q

region of decidua at base of implanting embryo

A

decidua basalis

88
Q

region of decidua that is the site where endometrium closes after complete implantation

A

decidua capsularis

89
Q

region of decidua that contains remaining areas of endometrium including the opposite wall of uterine lumen; this is only at implantation site

A

decidua parietalis

90
Q

chorionic cavity develops in the

A

reticulum

91
Q

epiblast from inner cell mass will become

A

embryo

92
Q

hypoblast from inner cell mass will become

A

other cells

93
Q

amniotic cavity forms when fluid collects where

A

in the epiblast

94
Q

cells from ____ line the inner surface of the cytotrophoblast

A

hypoblast

95
Q

Cells from the hypoblast line the inner surface of the cytotrophoblast.
This creates the

A

primary yolk sac/ Heuser’s membrane

96
Q

___ is secreted by the hypoblast

A

reticulum

97
Q

___ form in the reticulum

A

lacunae

98
Q

____ coalesce to form the chorionic cavity

A

lacunae

99
Q

_____mesoderm from the epiblast lines the chorionic cavity

A

extraembryonic

100
Q

The bi-laminar disc is suspended by the _______of extraembryonic mesoderm

A

connecting stalk

101
Q

Site of germ cell formation and erythropoesis

A

definitive yolk sac

102
Q

Primary yolk sac (Heuser’s membrane).
Reticulum.
Chorionic cavity.
Definitive yolk sac (site of germ cell formation
(from what)

A

hypoblast

103
Q

Extraembryonic mesoderm lining the chorionic cavity.
Extraembryonic mesoderm forms the connecting stalk.
Amniotic cavity.
(from what)

A

epiblast

104
Q

How many cell layers do blood products from the mother have to diffuse across in order to reach the fetal circulation?

A

4

105
Q

detecting ____ in blood stream of mother beginning 10 days after fertilization

A

hCG

106
Q

1st week primary villi form and only what is present

A

syncytiotrophoblast

107
Q

in the 2nd week, secondary villi form and what is present

A

syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm

108
Q

week _____: have area where you can exchange nutrients now products have to cross all the layers ”-blasts”

A

week 3

109
Q

form in yolk sac and give rise to celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric a.

A

vitelline blood vessels

110
Q

Remnant of ______ may remain as diverticulum off ileum (Meckel’s diverticulum) acts like an appendix

A

yolk sac

111
Q

stimulates formation of umbilical blood vessels

A

Allantois

112
Q

Allantois degenerates and becomes ___

A

urachus

113
Q

connecting stalk contains what

A

allantois w/ fetal vessels around
yolk sac surrounded by vitelline vessels

114
Q

As pregnancy proceeds, cytotrophoblast will essentially drop off, so how many layers do blood products have to diffuse across at this point

A

3

115
Q

PSEUDOCOTYLEDON (the cotyledons are not completely separated by a septum

A

normal discoid human placenta

116
Q

side with umbilical cord

A

fetal side of placenta

117
Q

blockage of the internal os of the cervix

A

placenta previa

118
Q

chorionic villi growth deep in the endometrium

A

placenta accrete

119
Q

chorionic villi growth into the myometrium

A

placenta increta

120
Q

chorionic villi growth beyond the myometrium, into the broad ligament of the uterus, peritoneum of the bladder, detrusor muscle of the bladder

A

placenta percreta

121
Q

2 types of chorion

A

villous
smooth

122
Q
A

Villous Chorion

123
Q
A

smooth chorion

124
Q

with fetal expansion, what fuse

A

amniotic membrane and chorionic membrane with decidua capsularis

125
Q

work horse of placenta; secreting hormones and steroids

A

syncytiotrophoblast

126
Q
A

2

127
Q

amniotic cavity develops where

A

in the inner cell mass

128
Q

monozygotic twins with how many placenta, amniotic sac, chorionic sac

A

2, 2, 2

129
Q

Developing fetuses that implant too close together; they will be sharing a lot of maternal blood; some will get all the blood, some will not (intrauterine growth retardation)

A

twin to twin transfusion syndrome

130
Q
A

monozygotic twins

131
Q

zygote isnt splitting completely here, but inner cell mass is so how many placenta and chorionic sacs and amniotic sacs

A

1 placenta
2 amniotic sacs
1 chorionic sac

132
Q

how many placenta, amniotic sac, chorionic sac

A

1, 1, 1 (monozygotic twins)

133
Q
A

parasitic twins

134
Q

2 eggs that have been ovulated and fertilized; each have their own placenta, own chorionic sac, own amniotic sac implant close together; placentas can fuse and end up with twin to twin transfusion syndrome

A

dizygotic twins

135
Q

89% of women are Rh ____

A

Rh +

136
Q

If mother is ____ and fetus is Rh +; mother will develop antibodies against red blood cells that are in fetus and end up with Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

Rh-

137
Q

transfuse Rh- blood to fetus or administer anti-Rh antibodies to Rh- mother after birth of each Rh+ baby; will prevent mother from producing antibodies to fetal blood in next pregnancy

A

prevention of erythroblastosis fetalis

138
Q

lack of fluid in sac causing fetus to experience contractions of uterus

A

oligohydramnios

139
Q

club feet in kids can be a consequence of

A

oligohydramnios

140
Q

genetic testing with low levels of AFP means

A

trisomy

141
Q

genetic testing with high levels of AFP means

A

liver or germ cell tumor; neural tube defect

142
Q

happens when fibrous amniotic band constricts limb

A

amniotic band syndrome

ENR Biweekly 1 (11 decks)

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