Reward and Salience Flashcards
Needs/desires, goals, and behaviors to accomplish goals
Motivation
Internal drives or needs that one acts to reduce
Drive reduction theory
Engaging in goal-directed behavior d/t rewarding nature of goal
Incentive motivation
What sorts of behaviors are not explained by drive reduction theory?
exploration, aggression, mating, binge-eating
This behavior brings an organism closer to goal
Appetitive behavior
This behavior is consummation of the set of motivated behavior
Consummatory behavior
What other systems does motivation overlap and interact with?
emotion systems (limbic) homeostatic systems (hypothalamus-based) sensory + motor systems
This area is involved in emotional and decision making functions
ventral striatum
This structure has inputs from amygdala, hippocampus, PFC
ventral striatum
This structure governs ‘goal-seeking’ behavior
Accumbens
This structure has a role in ‘habit-based’ behavior
Dorsal striatum
This brain region is critical for basic reinforcement learning
Ventromedial region
Behavior moves ______________ as it becomes more habitual
dorsolaterally
VTA dopamine signals
a) pleasure
b) error
c) reward
b - error
Dopamine neuron firing indicates potential ‘error’ between what is expected and what occurs
This behavior is social, occassional, and controlled
Drug use
This behavior is compulsive and out of control
Drug addiction
Drugs of abuse primarily increase ___ in brain.
a) DA
b) glutamate
c) 5-HT
d) GABA
a - Dopamine
This increase is critical for reinforcing effects
This class of drugs increases dopamine by inhibiting GABA in the VTA
Opioids
disinhibit dopamine
This class of drug produces an increase in arousal, alertness, and motor activity
Psychomotor stimulants
Neurotoxin that selectively destroys monoaminergic neurons
6-OHDA
Destruction of monoaminergic neurons blocks dopamine receptors in nucleus accumbens, prevents stereotyped repetitive behavior
Nicotinic ACh receptors are on ______ neurons
Dopamine neurons
This compound increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens
Nicotine
Major nicotinic effect on dopamine is mediated via
nicotinic ACh receptors in the VTA
CB-1 receptors are found
in CNS and some in the periphery
CB-2 receptors are found
peripherally (i.e. immune system)
This drug can reverse THC effects
Naloxone
This opioid antagonist drug blocks self-administration of THC
Naltrexone
This drug activates serotonin and dopamine receptors
LSD
This drug increases serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels
MDMA (ecstasy)
Natural stimuli produce _____ in DA neuron firing in response to reward predicted
a) increase
b) no change
c) decrease
B - no change
If reward matches prediction for natural stimulus, there is no change in dopamine firing
Drugs of abuse produce _____ in DA neuron firing in response to reward predicted
a) increase
b) no change
c) decrease
A - increase
Every time, every signal produces DA firing increase –> heightened incentive salience
