Reward and Salience

Question 1

Needs/desires, goals, and behaviors to accomplish goals

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

Internal drives or needs that one acts to reduce

Answer 2

Drive reduction theory

Question 3

Engaging in goal-directed behavior d/t rewarding nature of goal

Answer 3

Incentive motivation

Question 4

What sorts of behaviors are not explained by drive reduction theory?

Answer 4

exploration, aggression, mating, binge-eating

Question 5

This behavior brings an organism closer to goal

Answer 5

Appetitive behavior

Question 6

This behavior is consummation of the set of motivated behavior

Answer 6

Consummatory behavior

Question 7

What other systems does motivation overlap and interact with?

Answer 7

emotion systems (limbic)
homeostatic systems (hypothalamus-based)
sensory + motor systems

Question 8

This area is involved in emotional and decision making functions

Answer 8

ventral striatum

Question 9

This structure has inputs from amygdala, hippocampus, PFC

Answer 9

ventral striatum

Question 10

This structure governs ‘goal-seeking’ behavior

Answer 10

Accumbens

Question 11

This structure has a role in ‘habit-based’ behavior

Answer 11

Dorsal striatum

Question 12

This brain region is critical for basic reinforcement learning

Answer 12

Ventromedial region

Question 13

Behavior moves ______________ as it becomes more habitual

Answer 13

dorsolaterally

Question 14

VTA dopamine signals

a) pleasure
b) error
c) reward

Answer 14

b - error

Dopamine neuron firing indicates potential ‘error’ between what is expected and what occurs

Question 15

This behavior is social, occassional, and controlled

Answer 15

Drug use

Question 16

This behavior is compulsive and out of control

Answer 16

Drug addiction

Question 17

Drugs of abuse primarily increase ___ in brain.

a) DA
b) glutamate
c) 5-HT
d) GABA

Answer 17

a - Dopamine

This increase is critical for reinforcing effects

Question 18

This class of drugs increases dopamine by inhibiting GABA in the VTA

Answer 18

Opioids

disinhibit dopamine

Question 19

This class of drug produces an increase in arousal, alertness, and motor activity

Answer 19

Psychomotor stimulants

Question 20

Neurotoxin that selectively destroys monoaminergic neurons

Answer 20

6-OHDA

Destruction of monoaminergic neurons blocks dopamine receptors in nucleus accumbens, prevents stereotyped repetitive behavior

Question 21

Nicotinic ACh receptors are on ______ neurons

Answer 21

Dopamine neurons

Question 22

This compound increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens

Answer 22

Nicotine

Question 23

Major nicotinic effect on dopamine is mediated via

Answer 23

nicotinic ACh receptors in the VTA

Question 24

CB-1 receptors are found

Answer 24

in CNS and some in the periphery

Question 25

CB-2 receptors are found

Answer 25

peripherally (i.e. immune system)

Question 26

This drug can reverse THC effects

Answer 26

Naloxone

Question 27

This opioid antagonist drug blocks self-administration of THC

Answer 27

Naltrexone

Question 28

This drug activates serotonin and dopamine receptors

Answer 28

LSD

Question 29

This drug increases serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels

Answer 29

MDMA (ecstasy)

Question 30

Natural stimuli produce _____ in DA neuron firing in response to reward predicted

a) increase
b) no change
c) decrease

Answer 30

B - no change

If reward matches prediction for natural stimulus, there is no change in dopamine firing

Question 31

Drugs of abuse produce _____ in DA neuron firing in response to reward predicted

a) increase
b) no change
c) decrease

Answer 31

A - increase

Every time, every signal produces DA firing increase –> heightened incentive salience