Revision

Question 1

Emler and Hogan (1981) argue that social competence and success is reflected by what?

Answer 1

Moral reasoning?

Or.. moral judgement

Question 2

Henry et al (2004) claim that during war time, some soldiers saw saw women as deserving of sexual victimization. Which of Bandura’s moral disengagement strategies is this an example of?

Answer 2

Blaming the victim.

Question 3

David really wants to see a film at the cinema but he thinks the cinema is a rip off. Instead, he notices that the film he wants to see is actually available to download from a website. Before downloading the film, he thinks about all the other people who do this. Which of Bandura’s moral disengagement strategies is this an example of?

When David has downloaded the film, which emotion is he not likely to experience?

Answer 3

Diffusion of responsibility.

After downloading the film, David is not likely to experience anger.

Question 4

According to Eysenck, out of the following, which 2 contribute to criminal behaviour:

1. Normal personality
2. Abnormal personality
3. Classical conditioning

Answer 4

According to Eysenck, criminal behaviour occurs through a combination of normal personality traits and classical conditioning. Eysenck argues that what we call a ‘conscience’ is in fact, a classically conditioned set of emotional responses. He also argues that those scoring highly in E or N are more likely to become delinquent as these individuals are less sensitive to conditioning, whereas C and O individuals are more sensitive to conditioning.

Question 5

Webster et al (2006) argue that, instead of focusing on early childhood and teenage experiences, focus should be shifted onto factors which accrue when?

Answer 5

During late teenage years and early adulthood.

Question 6

Webster et al (2006) found that what was the single strongest predictor of continued criminality?

Answer 6

Illicit drug use was the single strongest predictor of continued criminality.

Question 7

What is target hardening?

Answer 7

Target hardening is making it harder for a criminal to reach their target e.g. barbed wire fencing, CCTV cameras, security guards, etc.

Question 8

Governments argue that ‘target hardening’ is the simplest way to stop crime because it what?

Answer 8

Makes it difficult to commit crime.

Question 9

Weaver and Carroll (1985) found that how many deterrents were sufficient to stop a novice shop lifter from shoplifting?

Answer 9

1 deterrent was enough to prevent a novice shop lifter from shop lifting (Weaver & Carroll, 1985).

Question 10

Webster et al (2006) found little differences between the offender sample and the never offended sample in terms of which two things?

Answer 10

1. Truancy

2. Single parent upbringing

Question 11

Webster et al (2006) found that, whilst offenders versus never offenders did not significantly differ in terms of frequency of truancy, they did differ in terms of the _____ of truancy.

Answer 11

Webster et al (2006) found that, whilst offenders versus never offenders did not significantly differ in terms of frequency of truancy, they did differ in terms of the TYPE of truancy.

Question 12

Webster et al (2006) found that, of those who had never truanted, 1/4 had frequently truanted, 1/__ had no qualifications aged 16 and 1/3 had a history of trauma such as disvorced parents or parental hospitalization due to mental illness.

Answer 12

Webster et al (2006) found that, of those who had never truanted, 1/4 had frequently truanted, 1/5 had no qualifications aged 16 and 1/3 had a history of trauma such as disvorced parents or parental hospitalization due to mental illness.

Question 13

What is embezzlement?

Answer 13

Embezzlement is a financial crime which involves some sort of cover up, such as stealing small amounts of money over a long period of time.

Question 14

What is base rate analysis?

Answer 14

Base rate analysis is when a person is presented with general base rate information and and specific information, and the person focuses on the specific information rather than the base rate or general information.

Question 15

Extra legal factors have the strongest influence on jury decisions under what circumstances?

Answer 15

When the evidence in the case is weak.

Question 16

One good reason why society should invest in rehabilitation is because it may be ____ in the long-term.

Answer 16

One good reason why society should invest in rehabilitation is because it may be CHEAPER in the long-term.

Question 17

One effect of prison gangs on prisons is that they tend to undermine _____ in prisons.

Answer 17

One effect of prison gangs on prisons is that they tend to undermine ORDER in prisons.

Question 18

There is ___ strong evidence to suggest that harsher sentences reduce recidivism.

Answer 18

There is NO strong evidence to suggest that harsher sentences reduce recidivism.

Question 19

If you engage in group-based retribution, you are likely to take revenge of members of another group for attacking your group, regardless of..

Answer 19

.. whether they actually attacked you or not.

Question 20

One reason for researching street gangs is that gang membership tends to increase delinquent behaviour, regardless of..

Answer 20

.. the prior history of its’ members.

Question 21

Elimination rehabilitation strategies can be defined as..

Answer 21

.. strategies which attempt to eliminate criminal behaviours by pairing criminal behaviours with negative consequences.

Question 22

Research that assesses effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes is sometimes flawed because:

Answer 22

1. The methodology is flawed
2. Recidivism is poorly defined and operationalised
3. Publication bias

Question 23

One _____ risk factor which can be changed is drug/alcohol abuse.

Answer 23

One DYNAMIC risk factor which can be changed is drug/alcohol abuse.

Question 24

There are ___ stages in an offender rehabilitation programme.

Answer 24

There are 10 stages in an offender rehabilitation programme.

Question 25

In the UK, when a witness is identifying a line-up they must be told what? Additionally, the suspect must not stand out in the line up.

Answer 25

The witness must be told that the suspect may not be in the line-up.

Question 26

Consistency of sentencing is important to lawyers because it helps them to..

Answer 26

.. accurately advise clients.

Question 27

According to Kapardis (1985), a number of extra-legal factors influence sentencing. These include the defendant’s criminal record, provocation by the victim..

Answer 27

.. type of charge, defendant’s criminal record, recency of last conviction, past interaction with criminal justice system, type of plea, age, gender, community ties, whether the court is in an urban or rural area and the probation officer’s recommendations about sentencing.

Question 28

A confidence approach is where an offender interacts with a victim, specifically by offering some kind of assistance. Consequently, if an offender has committed an impersonal offence, we would not expect there to have been a..

Answer 28

.. confidence approach.

Question 29

The tendency of criminal juries to favour the accused is known as the ____ bias.

Answer 29

The tendency of criminal juries to favour the accused is known as the LENIENCY bias.

Question 30

Do verdicts of 6 person and 12 person juries significantly differ?

Answer 30

No.

Question 31

Juries should represent the ‘conscience of the comuinity’ meaning juries can acquit a D who is legally ____ but morally ____ in their actions.

Answer 31

Juries should represent the ‘conscience of the community’ meaning juries can acquit a D who is legally WRONG but morally CORRECT in their actions.

Question 32

An analysis of over 4,000 trials (both criminal and civil) there was jury-judge agreement in what % of cases?

Answer 32

78%

Question 33

Skilled liars use ____ episodes as raw material for their lies.

Answer 33

Skilled liars use REAL episodes as raw material for their lies.

Question 34

Inducing empathy in jurors makes them ____ likely to convict D and this is particularly strong for ____.

Answer 34

Inducing empathy in jurors makes them LESS likely to convict D and this is particularly strong for WOMEN.

Question 35

According to Polaschek and Gannon’s (2004) research findings, which of the following is NOT an implicit theory found in rapists:

a) Nature of harm
b) Entitlement
c) Male sex drive is uncontrollable
d) Dangerous world

Answer 35

Nature of harm.

Question 36

Rehabilitation programmes have been shown to reduce re-offending rates. However, there are harmful effects of therapy that practitioners must be aware of. These include:

a) Increased triggering salience
b) Improved victim assessment skills
c) Beating the current and future therapy
d) All of the above are harmful effects of therapy

Answer 36

Increased triggering salience.

Question 37

The previous Sexual Offender Treatment and Evaluation Program (SOTEP) was found to not decrease re-offending in sex offenders. The programme was judged to be too rigid and structured, giving offenders too little motivation to change. According to the Risk-Needs Model, which principle did this programme violate:

a) Efficacy
b) Responsivity
c) Risk
d) None of the above

Answer 37

Responsivity.

Question 38

Sex offenders who hold the “women are dangerous” implicit theory believe that:

a) Women are violent
b) Women will seek to deceive men about what they really want
c) Women are ‘gold-diggers’
d) Women are meant to be dominated

Answer 38

.. women will deceive men about what they really want.

Question 39

According to Kassin (1997), what factors are responsible for coerced internalised confessions ?

a) Age
b) Presentation of false evidence
c) All of the above
d) None of the above

Answer 39

Both age and the presentation of false evidence are responsibly for coerced internalised confessions.

Question 40

The implicit theory ‘women are unknowable’ is the assumption that..

Answer 40

.. women are inherently different from men and a man can never truly ‘know’ a woman.

e.g. ‘women are usually sweet until they have caught a man and then they let their true self show’.

Question 41

The implicit theory of ‘women are sex objects’ is the assumption that..

Answer 41

.. a man’s own sexual needs take primacy over other domains and so a man views a woman as constantly sexually receptive. A man who endorses the ‘women are sex objects’ implicit theory may make statements such as ‘only women who are physically beaten should feek justified in reporting a rape’.

Question 42

The implicit theory that ‘male sex drive is uncontrollable’ is the assumption that..

Answer 42

.. a man cannot control his actions once he is sexually aroused.

Question 43

The implicit theory of ‘entitlement’ assumes that..

Answer 43

.. all needs should be met on demand, including sexual needs and so women should be subservient.

E.g. ‘rape serves as a way to keep women in their place’.

Question 44

The implicit theory of ‘dangerous world’ is the assumption that..

Answer 44

.. the world is inherently a dangerous place.