Offender Rehabiliation

Question 1

When we ask which rehabilitation methods ‘work’, we are essentially asking what decreases ____.

Answer 1

When we ask which rehabilitation methods ‘work’, we are essentially asking what decreases RECIDIVISM.

Question 2

The 2 main institutions for rehabilitation of offenders are..

Answer 2

.. prisons and secure hospitals.

Question 3

An individual may begin their sentence/rehabilitation in a prison. However, if their condition declines they may be sent to a..

Answer 3

.. secure hospital.

Question 4

At the turn of the century in the early 1900’s, attitudes towards rehabilitation were generally ____.

Answer 4

At the turn of the century in the early 1900’s, attitudes towards rehabilitation were generally POSITIVE.

Question 5

In 1974, Martinson conducted a meta-analysis of 231 studies which examined the effect of offender treatment programmes on recidivism. Martison (1974) concluded that..

Answer 5

.. offender treatment programmes don’t significantly reduce recidivism.

Question 6

The Martinson (1974) publication can be seen as a real bombshell- the mainstream media interpreted the findings to essentially mean that rehabilitation is a waste of time and we should lock all offenders away in prison and forget about them forever. The US even introduced which rule?

Answer 6

The US even introduced the 3 strikes rule, whereby on the 3rd offence, regardless of severity, the offender is imprisoned for life.

Question 7

One year later, ____ (1975) re-analysed the same dataset as Martinson (1974) and concluded that the effectiveness of rehab treatments were not actually as poor as Martinson had suggested.

Answer 7

Palmer (1975) re-analysed the Martinson (1974) dataset.

Question 8

In 1980, Ross and Gendreu published an article positing the ____ effects of rehabilitation programmes. Indeed, in 1979, Martinson recanted his negative statement about rehab programmes. But the damage was already done.

Answer 8

In 1980, Ross and Gendreu published an article positing the POSITIVE effects of rehabilitation programmes. Indeed, in 1979, Martinson recanted his negative statement about rehab programmes. But the damage was already done.

Question 9

There are a number of challenges when drawing conclusions from studies into offender treatment programmes. Firstly, different studies will define ‘____’ differently. Secondly, some studies will have a matched ____ group, whilst others won’t. Lastly, many studies conducted in this area will not publish their findings, either due to a lack of ____ findings or due to a lack of _____.

Answer 9

There are a number of challenges when drawing conclusions from studies into offender treatment programmes. Firstly, different studies will define ‘REOFFENDING’ differently. Secondly, some studies will have a matched CONTROL group, whilst others won’t. Lastly, many studies conducted in this area will not publish their findings, either due to a lack of SIGNIFICANT findings or due to a lack of TIME.

Question 10

What kind of offender treatments DO work?

Treatments which do work on a range of offenders include CBT, family based interventions, structured counselling, interpersonal skills training and behavioural therapy.

By contrast, punishments, such as longer sentences DO NOT work at reducing recidivism rates and neither do ___ ____. In fact, Gendreau et al (1999) found that longer sentences actually _____ the chances of recidivism!

Answer 10

By contrast, punishments, such as longer sentences DO NOT work at reducing recidivism rates and neither do BOOT CAMPS. In fact, Gendreau et al (1999) found that longer sentences actually INCREASE the chances of recidivism!

Question 11

Does sexual offender treatment work at reducing recidivism in sexual offending?

In short- yes! Hanson and Morton-Bourgon (2005) conducted a meta-analysis into the recidivism rates of sexual offenders who received CBT treatments, compared to the recidivism rates of sexual offenders who did NOT receive CBT treatment. Contrary to what one might believe, based on media presentation, only x in 5 sexual offenders who received NO treatment actually went on to reoffend. This can be compared to the pool of offenders who did receive treatment, only x in 10 of whom reoffended. In short then, CBT _____ recidivism rates! This in turn illustrates that psychology has something really important to offer when it comes to reducing reoffending in society.

Answer 11

No treatment: 1 in 5 reoffend
CBT: 1 in 10 reoffend
Conclusion: CBT halves chances of recidivism!

Question 12

Does capital punishment work at reducing recidivism rates?

In short- no! Hood (1996) examined offending rates both before and after either the introduction or abolishment of capital punishment. ____ relationship between the INTRODUCTION of capital punishment and a reduction of serious crime was found. Similarly, ____ relationship between the ABOLISHMENT of capital punishment and an increase in serious crime was found. In other words, the presence/absence of capital punishment does ____ have a significant impact on offending.

Answer 12

Hood (1996) examined offending rates both before and after either the introduction or abolishment of capital punishment. NO relationship between the INTRODUCTION of capital punishment and a reduction of serious crime was found. Similarly, NO relationship between the ABOLISHMENT of capital punishment and an increase in serious crime was found. In other words, the presence/absence of capital punishment does NOT have a significant impact on offending.

Question 13

What kind of impact do harsh sentences have?

It seems that capital punishment, long prison sentences and boot camps do nothing to reduce recidivism. In fact, if anything, the evidence suggest that theses things may actually _____ recidivism.

Answer 13

These things may actually INCREASE recidivism.

Question 14

Why might long prison sentences actually increase recidivism?

Answer 14

1. Offenders who serve long sentences are more likely to become institutionalised and then struggle to integrate into society again once released.
2. Prison provides an opportunity for interaction with criminals; prison is an environment where one can easily learn ‘tips’ on illegal practices which perpetuates the problem of criminality.

Question 15

Rehabilitation treatments all come under the same umbrella of _____ Theory.

Answer 15

Rehabilitation treatments all come under the same umbrella of Rehabilitation Theory.

Question 16

The Risk Needs Responsivity Model was proposed by who?

Answer 16

Andrews and Bonta (1994).

Question 17

According to the Risk principle, treatment must target what?

2 things

Answer 17

Risk factors which can be changed.
Additionally, the intensity of treatment should match the level of risk, whereby more risky offenders receive relatively more treatment than less risky offenders.

Question 18

Static risk factors are ones which..

Answer 18

.. cannot be changed, such as socioeconomic status.

Question 19

Dynamic risk factors are ones which ..

Answer 19

.. can be changed through treatment.

Question 20

Some research shows that if a low risk offender is given high intensity treatment they are ____ likely to reoffend than if they were given low intensity treatment which corresponded with their level of risk.

Answer 20

Some research shows that if a low risk offender is given high intensity treatment they are MORE likely to reoffend than if they were given low intensity treatment which corresponded with their level of risk.

Question 21

According to the need principle, treatment should focus on..

Answer 21

.. changing the dynamic risk factors which contribute to recidivism (risk factors which can be changed).

Question 22

Responsivity principle:

This involves making sure the programme makes for the people it is designed for. For example, offenders may have poor literacy skills, special needs, difficulties with interpersonal skills, poor mental health, a contrasting cultural background, etc. and all of these should be taken into account when treatment is administered, so that the offender is as ____ to the treatment as possible.

Answer 22

.. all of these should be taken into account when the treatment is delivered, so that the offender is as RESPONSIVE as possible.

Question 23

The Risk-Needs model has been empirically tested and it has been found that the model reduces recidivism. In fact, if a therapist adheres to all three principles, on average, there will be a __% decrease in recidivism.

Answer 23

The Risk-Needs model has been empirically tested and it has been found that the model reduces recidivism. In fact, if a therapist adheres to all three principles, on average, there will be a 30% decrease in recidivism.

Question 24

James ____ was dissatisfied with the Risk-Need Responsivity Model. He wished to further improve treatment effectiveness by filling a ‘gap’ which be believed the Risk-Need Responsivity model did not fill: offender _____. Ward argued that the Risk-Need Responsivity model does little to _____ offenders to change, all it does is tell offenders ‘you are a risk to society so we are going to embark on this treatment programme to reduce the risk to society’. So, the first thing Ward wanted his model to do was provide offenders with a _____ to change.

Answer 24

James WARD was dissatisfied with the Risk-Need Responsivity Model. He wished to further improve treatment effectiveness by filling a ‘gap’ which be believed the Risk-Need Responsivity model did not fill: offender MOTIVATION. Ward argued that the Risk-Need Responsivity model does little to MOTIVATE offenders to change, all it does is tell offenders ‘you are a risk to society so we are going to embark on this treatment programme to reduce the risk to society’. So, the first thing Ward wanted his model to do was provide offenders with a MOTIVATION to change.

Question 25

Ward argued that the R-NR model has a negative focus on treatment outcomes: rather than trying to achieve something positive, the treatment programme focuses on trying to ____ something negative (risk/offending). As such, Ward also wanted his new model to focus on ____ treatment goals.

Answer 25

Ward argued that the R-NR model has a negative focus on treatment outcomes: rather than trying to achieve something positive, the treatment programme focuses on trying to ABOLISH something negative (risk/offending). As such, Ward also wanted his new model to focus on POSITIVE treatment goals.

Question 26

Ward believed that the R-NR model is a ‘one size fits all’ model, which pays little, if any, attention to the interests of ___ offenders and very specific sets of circumstances. Consequently, Ward wanted his new model to have an _____ approach.

Answer 26

Ward believed that the R-NR model is a ‘one size fits all’ model, which pays little, if any, attention to the interests of INDIVIDUAL offenders and very specific sets of circumstances. Consequently, Ward wanted his new model to have an INDIVIDUALISTIC approach.

Question 27

When Tony Ward set out to create the GLM, what 4 weaknesses of the R-NR model did he wish to address?

Answer 27

1. Offender motivation
2. Positive treatment outcomes
3. Individualistic approach
4. Teach therapists how to improve theraputic alliance

Question 28

Ward argued that the R-NR model does nothing to enhance the therapeutic ____. In fact, research shows that _/3 of the change we see in people who receive treatment is connected to the therapeutic ____ that they have. As a result, Ward wanted his new model to provide practitioners with guidance regarding how to promote a healthy and positive therapeutic ____.

Answer 28

Ward argued that the R-NR model does nothing to enhance the therapeutic ALLIANCE. In fact, research shows that 1/3 of the change we see in people who receive treatment is connected to the therapeutic ALLIANCE that they have. As a result, Ward wanted his new model to provide practitioners with guidance regarding how to promote a healthy and positive therapeutic ALLIANCE.

Question 29

Key ingredients of a ‘good life’:

1. Creativity: we need to ____ something new
2. Mastery: we need to feel ____ about something we do
3. Inner peace: we need to be free from strong negative ____
4. Spirituality: we need to attach _____ to life
5. Healthy living: we need to exercise, eat healthily, not abuse ___ substances
6. Autonomy: we need to make decisions for ourselves and take ____ of the direction of our own life
7. Relatedness: we need good ____ with other people
8. Knowledge: we need to gain new knowledge. This could be knowledge about the world or knowledge about ourselves

Answer 29

Key ingredients of a ‘good life’:

1. Creativity: we need to CREATE something new
2. Mastery: we need to feel GOOD about something we do
3. Inner peace: we need to be free from strong negative EMOTIONS
4. Spirituality: we need to attach MEANING to life
5. Healthy living: we need to exercise, eat healthily, not abuse ILLEGAL substances
6. Autonomy: we need to make decisions for ourselves and take CONTROL of the direction of our own life
7. Relatedness: we need good RELATIONSHIPS with other people
8. Knowledge: we need to gain new knowledge. This could be knowledge about the world or knowledge about ourselves

Question 30

Ward argues that, of these __ ingredients for a good life, we all have distinct ____ for some over others. For example, Ward himself admits that he has a strong preference for _____ (he wants to write groundbreaking academic papers, which in turn give him a sense of self-worth) and he also wants _____ (a great relationship with his wife and children). However, these goals can come into conflict: how much time should he devote to each? Should he prioritise one over the other?

Answer 30

Ward argues that, of these 8 ingredients for a good life, we all have distinct PREFERENCES for some over others. For example, Ward himself admits that he has a strong preference for MASTERY (he wants to write groundbreaking academic papers, which in turn give him a sense of self-worth) and he also wants RELATEDNESS (a great relationship with his wife and children). However, these goals can come into conflict: how much time should he devote to each? Should he prioritise one over the other?

Question 31

The 8 ingredients and when things go wrong:

Things go wrong when one or more of the 8 ingredients is not being ____, which in turn can lead someone to turn to ____. For example, say an adult male places a great deal of value on _____. Yet, he can’t seem to build and maintain deep and trusting relationships with adults his age. Instead, he attempts to make deep and meaningful relationships with children, in order to fulfil his relatedness need. This may, in turn, lead him to sexually offend.

Answer 31

Things go wrong when one or more of the 8 ingredients is not being FULFILLED, which in turn can lead someone to turn to CRIME. For example, say an adult male places a great deal of value on RELATEDNESS. Yet, he can’t seem to build and maintain deep and trusting relationships with adults his age. Instead, he attempts to make deep and meaningful relationships with children, in order to fulfil his relatedness need. This may, in turn, lead him to sexually offend.

Question 32

The GLM is intended to ____ the RNR model, not contradict it.

Answer 32

The GLM is intended to COMPLEMENT the RNR model, not contradict it.

Question 33

The GLM has a twin focus. What are they?

Answer 33

1. Reduce risk

2. Promote a meaningful life

Question 34

The idea of the GLM is to formulate (explain) offending in a way that is meaningful and _____ to the offender e.g. ‘it’s likely that you are a compulsive fire-setter because you were neglected as a young child and the only time your Mother ever gave you any attention was on the day you actually started a fire’

Answer 34

The idea of the GLM is to formulate (explain) offending in a way that is meaningful and MOTIVATING to the offender e.g. ‘it’s likely that you are a compulsive fire-setter because you were neglected as a young child and the only time your Mother ever gave you any attention was on the day you actually started a fire’

Question 35

GLM ensures we examine ___ aspects of an offender’s life (including their long-term plans, aspirations and goals… not just ____ needs (as in the R-NR model).

Answer 35

GLM ensures we examine ALL aspects of an offender’s life (including their long-term plans, aspirations and goals… not just CRIMINOGENIC needs (as in the R-NR model).

Question 36

Evaluation of the GLM:

1. ‘There is no info regarding the effectiveness of the GLM’. This is partially true, as no study, as yet, has conducted a comprehensive investigation into the effectiveness of the GLM. HOWEVER, the GLM is an improvement and extension of the R-NR model, which has received a wealth of empirical support. As such, it seems intuitive that the GLM should be equally, if not more effective.

Answer 36

:)

Question 37

Evaluating the GLM:

2. ‘Adopting the GLM means giving up the R-NR model’  one can see why other people might think this: the initial comments of Ward in his earlier works implied that the R-NR model and the GLM would be contradictory not complimentary. However, Ward’s own attitude has changed over the years and it turns out that the GLM retains the virtues of the R-NR model, whilst adding greater scope to motivating offenders (good job, too, as neglecting the R-NR model would be unethical and put the community at risk).

Answer 37

:)

Question 38

GLM and pre-treatment assessment:

Before an offender receives treatment based on the GLM, they will receive a pre-treatment assessment. There are 3 stages to this assessment. What are they?

Answer 38

1. Interview (establish comprehensive offender history)
2. Formulation (explore why he/she did it)
3. Collaborative investigation (work through areas of need which have been establish e.g. improve relatedness)

Question 39

Over the last 20 years, the most commonly used treatment model for sexual offenders has been the ____ ____ (RP) model.

Answer 39

Over the last 20 years, the most commonly used treatment model for sexual offenders has been the Relapse Prevention (RP) model.

Question 40

RP is a variant of which model?

Answer 40

The Risk Needs Model.

Question 41

According to the GLM, sexual offenders commit crimes due to an interaction of three causal variables. What are they?

Answer 41

1. Biological factors e.g. genes
2. Ecological niche e.g. social, cultural and personal circumstances
3. Neuropsychological factors

Question 42

According to the GLM, there are 2 routes to sexual offending: ____ and ____.

Answer 42

According to the GLM, there are 2 routes to sexual offending: direct and indirect.

Question 43

The sexual offender is using a direct pathway if their sexual offences are a primary means to a achieving a ____.

Answer 43

The sexual offender is using a direct pathway if their sexual offences are a primary means to a achieving a GOOD.

Question 44

The ____ route occurs when the pursuit of goods creates a ripple effect in the person’s personal circumstances which increase the chances of sexual offending occurring.

Answer 44

The INDIRECT route occurs when the pursuit of goods creates a ripple effect in the person’s personal circumstances which increase the chances of sexual offending occurring.