Imprisonment

Question 1

According to the retribution perspective, individuals should go to prison to be _____, so that the victim can feel a sense of revenge and ____.

Answer 1

According to the retribution perspective, individuals should go to prison to be PUNISHED, so that the victim can feel a sense of revenge and JUSTICE.

Question 2

According to the ____ view, the purpose of prison should be do reduce recidivism (reduce the chances that the offender with offend again).

Answer 2

According to the UTILITARIAN view, the purpose of prison should be do reduce recidivism (reduce the chances that the offender with offend again).

Question 3

According to the ___ perspective, prisoners are victims of circumstances who need rehabilitation.

Answer 3

According to the HUMANITARIAN perspective, prisoners are victims of circumstances who need rehabilitation.

Question 4

Three important things to remember about prison:

Firstly, imprisonment puts members of the prison population at risk of violence and ____.

Secondly, prison can make things worse, if not done correctly. For example, in prison, prisoners can learn maladaptive behaviours and become more _____ oriented. This may, in turn, contribute to an increase in recidivism.

Thirdly, prison costs ____ and resources.

Answer 4

Firstly, imprisonment puts members of the prison population at risk of violence and SUICIDE.

Secondly, prison can make things worse, if not done correctly. For example, in prison, prisoners can learn maladaptive behaviours and become more CRIMINALLY oriented. This may, in turn, contribute to an increase in recidivism.

Thirdly, prison costs MONEY and resources.

Question 5

We live in a democracy, so when it comes to prisoners the state must follow the following 4 rules of justice:

1. Defendants should only be convicted of crimes they have actually _____.
2. The sentence should be ____ to the offence.
3. Prisoner’s human rights must be ____ whilst they are in jail.
4. The health and safety of prisoners should be a ____.

Answer 5

1. Defendants should only be convicted of crimes they have actually COMMITTED
2. The sentence should be PROPORTIONATE to the offence.
3. Prisoner’s human rights must be MAINTAINED whilst they are in jail.
4. The health and safety of prisoners should be a PRIORITY.

Question 6

In 2009, the prison population was around _____. In 2013, the prison population has risen to around ______.

Answer 6

In 2009, the prison population was around 83,000. In 2013, the prison population has risen to around 88,000.

Question 7

Between 2009 and 2013, there was a __% increase in males within prison and a ___% decrease in females within prison.

Answer 7

Between 2009 and 2013, there was a 1% increase in males within prison and a 5% decrease in females within prison.

Question 8

Changes in the frequency in different types of offences:

Researchers assessed the frequency of a large variation of different offences which occurred between June 2008 and June 2009. Findings showed that the biggest increase was in crimes against the _____, which increased from around 18,500 in June 2008 to around 20,000 in June 2009. Of the remaining offences, most of them _____ between June 2008 and June 2009 by a small amount, bar three types of offences, which actually ____ over that period: theft, ____ offences and _____ offences.

Answer 8

Researchers assessed the frequency of a large variation of different offences which occurred between June 2008 and June 2009. Findings showed that the biggest increase was in crimes against the PERSON, which increased from around 18,500 in June 2008 to around 20,000 in June 2009. Of the remaining offences, most INCREASED between June 2008 and Jun 2009 by a small amount, bar three types of offences, which actually DECREASED over that period: theft, DRUG offences and MOTORING offences.

Question 9

Within the general population, around 11% ran away as a child. However, within the prison population, what proportion of offenders ran away as a child?

Answer 9

Females: 47%
Males: 50%

Question 10

Within the general population, around 2% are taken into care as a child. What percentage of the prison population were taken into care as a child?

Answer 10

27% of the prison population were taken into care as a child.

Question 11

Within the general population, 3% regularly truant from school. What percentage of the prison population regularly truanted from school?

Answer 11

30%

Question 12

Within the general population, 2% are excluded from school. What percentage of the male and female prison population were excluded from school?

Answer 12

Males: 49%
Females: 33%

Question 13

0.9% of the general population are homeless. What percentage of the prison population were homeless?

Answer 13

32% of the prison population were homeless.

Question 14

Within the general population, 5% of men and 2% of women suffer from more than 2 mental disorders. Is this the same within the prison population?

Answer 14

No, within the prison population, over 70% suffer from more than 2 mental disorders.

Question 15

Within the general population 13% of men and 8% of women have a history of recreational drug use. What are the stats for the prison population?

Answer 15

Males: 66%
Females: 55%

Question 16

Within the general population, 38% of men and 15% of women engage in hazardous drinking. What proportion of male and female prisoners in engaged in hazardous drinking?

Answer 16

Males: 63%
Females: 39%

Question 17

Around ______ offences are committed WITHIN prison each year.

Answer 17

Around 150,000 offences are committed WITHIN prison each year.

Question 18

There are around _____ instances of self-harm within prison per year. This has increased by ____% since 1991.

Answer 18

There are around 7,000 instances of self-harm within prison per year. This has increased by 140% since 1991.

Question 19

More than ____ prisoners are resuscitated annually.

Answer 19

More than 200 prisoners are resuscitated annually.

Question 20

Around 19% of the prison population are being held on _____ awaiting trial.

Answer 20

Around 19% of the prison population are being held on REMAND awaiting trial.

Question 21

What percentage of suicides within prison are committed by people on remand, awaiting trial?

Answer 21

Over half- 57%

Question 22

Around / of suicides in prison occur within the first week of imprisonment and 1/2 occur within the first ___ months.

Answer 22

Around 1/4 of suicides in prison occur within the first week of imprisonment and 1/2 occur within the first 6 months.

Question 23

In 1990, who said that prison can be ‘a expensive way of making bad people worse’?

Answer 23

The Home Office.

Question 24

The Strangeways riots lasted for 45 days. Throughout these riots, 1 prisoner died, ___ were injured and 147 prison officers were injured.

Answer 24

The Strangeways riots lasted for 45 days. Throughout these riots, 1 prisoner died, 47 were injured and 147 prison officers were injured.

Question 25

The Woolf report was a report administered by ______, Care and Justice (199_). The report attempted to explore the conditions which prisoners experience in their day-to-day lives. The report found that prisoners cited the following problems: 1. Unsanitary conditions 2. No redress for injustices 3. Negative regimes 4. Lack of respect 5. Destruction of family ties

Answer 25

The Woolf report was a report administered by CUSTODY, Care and Justice (1991). The report attempted to explore the conditions which prisoners experience in their day-to-day lives. The report found that prisoners cited the following problems: 1. Unsanitary conditions 2. No redress for injustices 3. Negative regimes 4. Lack of respect 5. Destruction of family ties

Question 26

The Woolf report made a number of recommendations: 1. Increased delegation of responsibility to Governors of prisons 2. A contract for each prisoner 3. National system of accredited standards 4. No establishment should hold more prisoners than its certified normal level (CNA) of accommodation. 5. Access to sanitation for all inmates not later than February 1996 6. Prospects for prisoners to maintain links with families and community through more visits and home leaves. Since these recommendations, is overcrowding still an issue?

Answer 26

Yes!

Question 27

Lloyd et al (1994) wanted to see whether different types of sentences have different effects on reoffending. He looked at: Community service, probation, probation with additional requirements and imprisonment. Finding: there was __ difference in recidivism across the different types of sentencing. That is, harsher sentences ____ decrease the chances of reoffending.

Answer 27

Finding: there was NO difference in recidivism across the different types of sentencing. That is, harsher sentences DON'T decrease the chances of reoffending.

Question 28

Boot camps: Burton et al (1993) found that prisoners on boot camps were ____ positive and had ____ prosocial attitudes. However, later in 1994, MacKenzie and Souryal (1994) argued that the selection effect for boot camp prisoners is not the same as for other prisoners as these prisoners have ____ serious criminal histories e.g. non-violent offences.

Answer 28

Burton et al (1993) found that prisoners on boot camps were MORE positive and had MORE prosocial attitudes. However, later in 1994, MacKenzie and Souryal (1994) argued that the selection effect for boot camp prisoners is not the same as for other prisoners as these prisoners have LESS serious criminal histories e.g. non-violent offences.

Question 29

The counter-productive effects of boot camps: In 1995, Mackenzie et al conducted a study into whether boot camps reduce recidivism. Overall, they found that boot camps ____ reduce recidivism. In fact, in one state, the boot camp actually ____ recidivism. In the remaining three states, there were mixed results. Additionally, overall recidivism was higher in boot camps which emphasised physical _____ and military discipline without any _____ programming. Overall, Mackenzie et al (1995) concluded that physical exercise, military atmosphere and hard labour won’t change the behaviour of offenders if _____ needs are not addressed.

Answer 29

In 1995, Mackenzie et al conducted a study into whether boot camps reduce recidivism. Overall, they found that boot camps DON'T reduce recidivism. In fact, in one state, the boot camp actually INCREASED recidivism. In the remaining three states, there were mixed results. Additionally, overall recidivism was higher in boot camps which emphasised physical STRENGTH and military discipline without any THERAPUTIC programming. Overall, Mackenzie et al (1995) concluded that physical exercise, military atmosphere and hard labour won’t change the behaviour of offenders if CRIMINOGENIC needs are not addressed.

Question 30

According to the Social Exclusion Unit (2002) how many billions does reoffending cost the tax payer annyally?

Answer 30

Reoffending costs the tax payer £11bn per year.

Question 31

It has been argued that prisons are ‘factories for the manufacture of psycho-social handicaps’. For example, prisons foster depression and _____ (Gallo & Rugiero, 1991).

Answer 31

It has been argued that prisons are ‘factories for the manufacture of psycho-social handicaps’. For example, prisons foster depression and AGGRESSION (Gallo & Rugiero, 1991).

Question 32

According to Sykes (1958), prisoners experience 5 specific ‘pains’: 1. Loss of liberty: e.g. less contact with ___ and ___ 2. Goods and services: e.g. restricted material ____ 3. Frustration of sexual desire: prisoners figuratively ____ 4. Autonomy: e.g. trivial restrictions such as ____-____ 5. Personal security: e.g. enforced association with ____ prisoners

Answer 32

1. Loss of liberty: e.g. less contact with FRIENDS and FAMILY 2. Goods and services: e.g. restricted material POERSSIONS 3. Frustration of sexual desire: prisoners figuratively CASTRATED 4. Autonomy: e.g. trivial restrictions such as LETTER-SENDING 5. Personal security: e.g. enforced association with UNPREDICTABLE prisoners

Question 33

Personality can affect adjustment to prison. For example, Bukstel and Kilman (1980) found that benign, passive and _____ personalities often adjust well to prison. By contrast, indeterminate sentencing can lead to adjustment problems.

Answer 33

Bukstel and Kilman (1980) found that benign, passive and DEPENDENT personalities often adjust well to prison. By contrast, indeterminate sentencing can lead to adjustment problems.

Question 34

A prison gang is a “Group of prisoners with a leader whose negative behavior _____ impacts on the prison that holds them” (Fong & Buentello 1991).

Answer 34

A prison gang is a “Group of prisoners with a leader whose negative behavior ADVERSELY impacts on the prison that holds them” (Fong & Buentello 1991).

Question 35

The first prison gang emerged in a Washington state prison in which year?

Answer 35

1950.

Question 36

By 1992 __% adult males, 3% females and 17% young offenders were involved in prison gangs (Knox 1994).

Answer 36

By 1992 10% adult males, 3% females and 17% young offenders were involved in prison gangs (Knox 1994).

Question 37

Prison gangs can determine ____ gang activity e.g. by arranging beatings and murders.

Answer 37

Prison gangs can determine STREET gang activity e.g. by arranging beatings and murders.

Question 38

Theories of prison gang development: importation theory According to importation theory, street gang members are imported into prison and ____. For many gang members’ entry into prison is a ‘____’ (Jacobs, 1974). Just part of the life of a gang member. Once in prison, pre-existing attitudes and behaviours _____ (Irwin & Cressey 1964).

Answer 38

According to importation theory, street gang members are imported into prison and REGROUP. For many gang members’ entry into prison is a 'HOMECOMING’ (Jacobs, 1974). Just part of the life of a gang member. Once in prison, pre-existing attitudes and behaviours CONTINUE (Irwin & Cressey 1964).

Question 39

According to the indigenous theory of prison gang development, prison gangs develop as a result of the system: 1. Prisoner is imprisoned and must adjust. To cope with loneliness and isolation, prisoner goes through the process of prisonisation. 2. Prisoner mixes with similar others. 3. The group has no clear structure but it is ____ by others. 4. Group recognises its potential for power. ____ are made and weak members are ____. 5. Group strengthens, becomes more orgnaised and evolves into a prison gang.

Answer 39

1. Prisoner is imprisoned and must adjust. To cope with loneliness and isolation, prisoner goes through the process of prisonisation. 2. Prisoner mixes with similar others. 3. The group has no clear structure but it is REOCOGNISED by others. 4. Group recognises its potential for power. RULES are made and weak members are EXPELLED. 5. Group strengthens, becomes more orgnaised and evolves into a prison gang.

Question 40

Why might gang membership appeal to prisoners? Gang membership can offset 4 of the 5 ‘pains’ cited by ____(1958) as being key issues for prisoners: liberty, goods and services, autonomy, safety.

Answer 40

Sykes (1958) cited the 5 'pains' for prisoners.

Question 41

Prison gang members are reluctant to accept prison mandate or be involved in any non-____ activity (Camp & Camp 1985).

Answer 41

Firstly, prison gang members are reluctant to accept prison mandate or be involved in any NON-CRIMINAL activity (Camp & Camp 1985).

Question 42

Prison gang members serve ____ sentences and have _____ convictions (Sheldon 1991).

Answer 42

Prison gang members serve LONGER sentences and have MORE convictions than their non-gang counterparts (Sheldon 1991).

Question 43

Prison gang members are ___ than their non-gang counterparts (Ralph, Hunter, Marquart, Curchier & Meriianos 1996).

Answer 43

Prison gang members are YOUNGER than their non-gang counterparts (Ralph, Hunter, Marquart, Curchier & Meriianos 1996).

Question 44

What is prisonisation?

Answer 44

Prisonisation is essentially accepting and adhering to the prison culture.

Question 45

Prisonised inmates are reluctant to engage in ____ activities in prison.

Answer 45

Prisonised inmates are reluctant to engage in LEGITIMATE activities in prison.

Question 46

We can measure prisonisation the using Organizational Structure and Prisonization Scale (OSPS) (___ and Zingraff, 1974).

Answer 46

We can measure prisonisation the using Organizational Structure and Prisonization Scale (OSPS) (THOMAS and Zingraff, 1974).

Question 47

Perceived emotional support has been shown to ____ against life stressors within the prison setting.

Answer 47

Perceived emotional support has been shown to BUFFER against life stressors within the prison setting.

Question 48

It seems that whilst receiving social support is conductive to psycological wellbeing, _____ social support is, too, associated with psychological wellbeing.

Answer 48

It seems that whilst receiving social support is conductive to psycological wellbeing, GIVING social support is, too, associated with psychological wellbeing.

Question 49

Perceived gang events successfully predicted perceptions of ____ order in prison. Perceived gang events successfully predicted perceptions of reduced staff ____ in prison.

Answer 49

Perceived gang events successfully predicted perceptions of REDUCED order in prison. Perceived gang events successfully predicted perceptions of reduced staff CONTROL in prison.

Question 50

42% of prisoners self-report being involved in what?

Answer 50

Illegal trade.

Question 51

What percentage of prisoners self-reportedly take drugs?

Answer 51

35% of prisoners self-reportedly take drugs.

Question 52

The more sentences as prisoner has served the ____ likely they are to join a prison gang.

Answer 52

The more sentences as prisoner has served the MORE likely they are to join a prison gang.

Question 53

Individuals who have served more than one sentence score higher on both ____ and gang-related activity.

Answer 53

Individuals who have served more than one sentence score higher on both PRISONISATION and gang-related activity.

Question 54

Prisoners who feel less safe find social interaction more ____.

Answer 54

Prisoners who feel less safe find social interaction more DIFFICULT.

Question 55

What contributes to healthier attitudes in inmates? | Hint: 3 things

Answer 55

1. Program participation 2. Frequent visits 3. No experience of victimization

Question 56

Needs can be viewed as ____ determinants of behaviour and achieving those needs is either helped or hindered by the ____ environment.

Answer 56

Needs can be viewed as INTERNAL determinants of behaviour and achieving those needs is either helped or hindered by the SOCIAL environment.

Question 57

Who identified 8 central environmental concerns of prison inmates? What were they?

Answer 57

Toch (1977) identified 8 environmental concerns of prison inmates. 1. Privacy 2. Safety 3. Structure 4. Support 5. Emotional feedback 6. Social stimulation 7. Activity 8. Freedom

Question 58

Using the 8 environmental concerns of prisoners (Toch, 1977), Wright (1985) created the Prison Environment Inventory (PEI) in order to conceptualise and measure perceived _____ _____.

Answer 58

Using the 8 environmental concerns of prisoners (Toch, 1977), Wright (1985) created the Prison Environment Inventory (PEI) in order to conceptualise and measure perceived PRISON CLIMATE.

Question 59

Wright (1993) found that internal problems (e.g. feeling hostile towards others) and external problems (e.g. difficulties interacting with others) were related to fewer opportunities for self-_____.

Answer 59

Wright (1993) found that internal problems (e.g. feeling hostile towards others) and external problems (e.g. difficulties interacting with others) were related to fewer opportunities for self-IMPROVEMENT.

Question 60

Internal problems were more common among prisoners who: | hint: 3 things

Answer 60

1. Perceived less privacy 2. Felt less safe 3. Had fewer opportunities for social interaction

Question 61

Wooldredge (2014) found that both ____ characteristics and inmate experiences were significantly related to the outcome measure.

Answer 61

Wooldredge (2014) found that both INMATE characteristics and inmate experiences were significantly related to the outcome measure.

Question 62

Wooldredge (2014) found that stress, anxiety and depression were more likely if: (Hint: 3 things)

Answer 62

1. Poor program participation 2. Infrequent visits 3. Victimised recently

Question 63

The time until the inmate's parole hearing was a significant predictor of what?

Answer 63

Adjustment.

Question 64

Wooldrege (2014) found that the institutional variables accounted for slightly more of the varaince in inmate experiences, compared to pre-institutional (demographic) variables. What were the percentages?

Answer 64

Institutional: 9% of variance | Pre-institutional (demographic): 7% of variance

Question 65

Inmates who receive regular visits may perceive more ____ through regular maintenance of ties to the outside world.

Answer 65

Inmates who receive regular visits may perceive more FREEDOM through regular maintenance of ties to the outside world.

Question 66

Inmates who have a shorter period to wait until their next parole hearing may perceive they are closer to the ____ to make choices.

Answer 66

Inmates who have a shorter period to wait until their next parole hearing may perceive they are closer to the FREEDOM to make choices.

Question 67

Wooldredge (2014) overall conclusion: Routines and experiences which enhance an inmate's ability to ____ their environment and reduce fear of the ____ generally correspond with a healthier state of mind.

Answer 67

Wooldredge (2014) overall conclusion: Routines and experiences which enhance an inmate's ability to CONTROL their environment and reduce fear of the UNKNOWN generally correspond with a healthier state of mind.

Question 68

The longer the period in prison, the ____ the coping difficulties.

Answer 68

The longer the period in prison, the GREATER the coping difficulties.

Question 69

Difficulty of coping in prison is associated with:

Answer 69

1. Difficulty mixing with other prisoners 2. Fewer friends in prison 3. Psychiatric treatment whilst imprisoned 4. Alcohol-related problems

Question 70

Power et al that difficulty coping in prison was NOT related to..

Answer 70

1. Outpatient/inpatient treatment for MH problems 2. History of drug problems 3. Number of times previously in custory

Question 71

What percentage who were placed on the SSS complained of social isolation?

Answer 71

16.5%

Question 72

What percentage of prisoners on SSS saw the protection it offered as an advantage?

Answer 72

10%

Question 73

The most common complaint of SSS was ____ deprivation, reported by x% of participants.

Answer 73

The most common complaint of SSS was SENSORY deprivation, reported by 42% of participants.

Question 74

What was the most degrading feature of the SSS?

Answer 74

Wearing vest and shorts.

Question 75

Reducing which 3 things would make experience on SSS much better?

Answer 75

1. Reduce social isolation 2. Reduce sensory deprivation 3. Eliminate rule which requires inmates on SSS to wear a vest and shorts.

Question 76

What does SS stand for?

Answer 76

SSS stands for Strict Suicide Supervision.