Group Processes and Offending Flashcards
The ___-____ (which is influenced by group processes) influences offender behaviour. So then, in order to better understand why offenders offend, we need to understand the group processes which contribute to the formation of their _____-___.
The SELF-CONCEPT (which is influenced by group processes) influences offender behaviour. So then, in order to better understand why offenders offend, we need to understand the group processes which contribute to the formation of the SELF-CONCEPT.
There is a ____ relationship between the individual and the group, which in turn informs the self-concept (Viki & Abrams, 2013).
There is a RECIPROCAL relationship between the individual and the group, which in turn informs the self-concept (Viki & Abrams, 2013).
What percentage of criminal offences are committed by groups?
About 25% of criminal offences are committed by groups. Consequently, if we can try and combat the processes which contribute to group offending, we can significantly reduce the prevalence of criminal behaviour.
In general, there is a ____ relationship between age and group offending, whereby younger people are ____ likely to offend in groups and older people are ____ likely to offend in groups.
In general, there is a NEGATIVE relationship between age and group offending, whereby younger people are MORE likely to offend in groups and older people are LESS likely to offend in groups.
Of the offences committed by under 18’s (YO’s) x% are committed in groups. In contrast, of the offences committed by over 18’s around half that amount (y%) commit offences in groups.
Of the offences committed by under 18’s (YO’s) 37% are committed in groups. In contrast, of the offences committed by over 18’s around half that amount (17%) commit offences in groups.
Do men co-offend more than women?
No- there are no gender differences in the frequency of co-offending overall.
Whilst women co-offend equally across all ages, men co-offend ____ with age.
Whilst women co-offend equally across all ages, men co-offend LESS with age.
Why has there been so little research into group processes and offending?
The Western Legal System focuses on establishing individual accountability for offences and this individualist focus has been the driving force behind empirical research.
What is basking in reflected glory (BIRG)?
Basking in reflective glory refers to the tendency to associate oneself with successful groups rather than unsuccessful groups. In the case of BIRG, when the group esteem increases, self-esteem increases.
Collective narcissism of group members is positively correlated with what?
Collective narcissism of group members is positively correlated with inter-group aggression.
What is informational influence?
Informational influence is a where an individual is influenced by a person because they believe that person to have some kind of superior knowledge.
What is normative influence?
Normative influence is when an individual follows the influence of others because they believe this will lead to some kind of social approval.
Pluralistic ignorance is when you hold an attitude which you perceive to ____ with the group attitude, leading you to keep that attitude to yourself. In fact, your attitude may be shared by several other group members. This in turn means that the group may act in a manner which several individual group members ____ oppose.
Pluralistic ignorance is when you hold an attitude which you perceive to CONFLICT with the group attitude, leading you to keep that attitude to yourself. In fact, your attitude may be shared by several other group members. This in turn means that the group may act in a manner which several individual group members PRIVATELY oppose.
Social Dominance Theory was proposed by Sidanious and _____ (199_).
Social Dominance Theory was proposed by Sidaneous and Pratto (1999).
Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) refers to the extent to which an individual endorses _____ structures in their views of others. E.g. Do they believe high-earning investment bankers to be ‘higher up’ or ‘better people’ than cleaners who work for the same bank?
Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) refers to the extent to which an individual endorses HIERARCHIAL structures in their views of others. E.g. Do they believe high-earning investment bankers to be ‘higher up’ or ‘better people’ than cleaners who work for the same bank?
SDO hierarchies can vary as a function of age. For instance, older people may consider themselves to dominate over younger people, whilst younger people may consider themselves to dominate over older people. Think of a parent/2-year-old relationship- the parent thinks they are in charge but the 2 year old also thinks they are in charge. Some ____-set groups, such as religious groups, must think about where they consider themselves to lie in the social hierarchy.
Some arbitrary-set groups, such as religious groups, must think about where they consider themselves to lie in the social hierarchy.
The black sheep effect is phenomenon that ingroup deviants are judged and punished ____ harshly than outgroup deviants.
The black sheep effect is phenomenon that ingroup deviants are judged and punished MORE harshly than outgroup deviants.
Displacement of responsibility in group membership involves shifting responsibility for an immoral act onto another group member, often the group leader. Research shows that peripheral gang members are _____ likely than real gang members to displace responsibility. Perhaps this is because, for peripheral youth, their group identity is not strong enough to motivate them to accept full responsibility for their actions.
Displacement of responsibility in group membership involves shifting responsibility for an immoral act onto another group member, often the group leader. Research shows that peripheral gang members are MORE likely than real gang members to displace responsibility. Perhaps this is because, for peripheral youth, their group identity is not strong enough to motivate them to accept full responsibility for their actions.
Research shows that intragroup aggression can vary as a function of the gender make up of the group. Specifically, there is ____ intragang aggression when the gender ration is 50:50, compared to when the gender ration is majority males.
Research shows that intragroup aggression can vary as a function of the gender make up of the group. Specifically, there is MORE intragang aggression when the gender ratio is 50:50, compared to when the gender ration is majority males.
When females are a minority, males are more protective and less aggressive towards them.
How many women have experienced multiple-perpetrator rape in their lifetime?
Over 300,000 women have experienced multiple-perpetrator rape in their lifetime.
Multiple-perpetrator sexual offending can be partially explained by the Multi-factorial theory of sexual offending, which posits that MFSO is a consequence of the interaction between the individual _____ factors and _____ factors.
Multiple-perpetrator sexual offending can be partially explained by the Multi-factorial theory of sexual offending, which posits that MFSO is a consequence of the interaction between the individual SOCIOCULTURAL factors and SITUATIONAL factors.
Evidence suggests that the psychological characteristics of terrorists are relatively _____. That is, they are ____ matched on any particular psychological variable which contributes to their terrorism.
Evidence suggests that the psychological characteristics of terrorists are relatively HETEROGENOUS. That is, they are NOT matched on any particular psychological variable which contributes to their terrorism.
Group polarisation is heightened if there is a strong group ____ and there is perceived group ____ (Viki & Abrams, 2013).
Group polarisation is heightened if there is a strong group IDENTITY and there is perceived group SOLIDARITY (Viki & Abrams, 2013).
