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Forensic > 1. Morality, Social Control and Law > Flashcards

1. Morality, Social Control and Law Flashcards

1
Q

The Morally Debatable Behviour Scale was created by ____ et al (1994).

A

Katz et al (1994).

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2
Q

How many items does the Morally Debatable Behaviour Scale (Katz et al, 1994) have?

A

10 items.

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3
Q

The Morally Debatable Behaviour Scale uses a ____ point Likert scale, where one end denotes ‘never justified’ and the other denotes an act is ‘always justified’

A

10 point Likert scale.

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4
Q

Items 1-4 on the Morally Debatable Behaviour Scale include acts such as accepting a bribe and fradulently claiming welfare benefits. What kind of acts are these?

A

Dishonest-illegal acts.

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5
Q

Items 5-10 on the Morally Debatable Behaviour Scale include acts such as prostitution, abortion and divorce. What kind of acts are these?

A

Personal-sexual acts.

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6
Q

Vauclair and Fisher (2011) administered the Morally Debatable Behaviour Scale (Katz et al, 1994) to participants across 84 countries. Which kind of acts did they find to be universally banded as wrong? Which kind of acts had relatively more cross cultural variability?

A

Dishonest-illegal acts were universally branded as wrong, whereas there was cultural variability in perceptions of ‘wrongness’ when it cam to personal-sexual acts.

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7
Q

Autonomy and _____ are two distinct values which are endorsed to varying degrees cross-culturally.

A

Autonomy and embededness are endorsed to varying degrees cross-culturally.

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8
Q

A culture which endorses autonomy is one which endorses a personal right to ___-_____.

A

Self-fulfilment.

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9
Q

A culture which endorses embededness is one which emphasises _____ and social obligations.

A

Embededness= emphasis on duties and social obligations.

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10
Q

Vauclair and Fisher (2011) found cross-cultural differences in scores on the personal-sexual items of the MDBS. How can we explain this, thinking about two key cultural values?

A

Differences in emphasis on autonomy and embededness.

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11
Q

Crime originates from which word? What does that word mean?

A

Crime originates from the word ‘karma’ which refers to an action upon which an individual will be judged.

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12
Q

Historically, criminals were presumed to be consciously acting against the will of ____.

A

God.

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13
Q

Historically, criminal punishment focused on the physical body, so as to what?

A

‘drive out the demons’.

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14
Q

Historically, the ruling aristocracy determined how crime should be punished. This maintained the wealth of the aristocracy and _____ the class divide.

A

perpetuated.

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15
Q

Five factors which can lead to a change in the way we think about crime are: 1. Questionning the aristocracy 2. Scientific revolution 3. Philosophical enlightenment 4. Understanding of free will 5. Humanist ideas

A

:)

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16
Q

According to Ellis (1987), laws have developed due to a universal concern about ____ _____.

A

Harmful behaviour.

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17
Q

MALA IN SE refers to what kind of laws?

A

MALA IN SE= natural laws.

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18
Q

What are natural laws (mala in se)?

A

Natural laws (mala in se) are laws which protect humans from immediate and severe danger, such as murder, rape and assault.

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19
Q

MALA IN PROHIBITA refers to what kind of law?

A

MALA IN PROHIBITA= human law.

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20
Q

Provide examples of human law (mala in prohibita).

A
  1. Speeding laws 2. Drugs laws 3. Prostitution laws 4. Copyright infringement laws
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21
Q

In order to be convicted of a criminal offence, there must be proof ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ that a defendant had both elements of the crime. What are they? What are the excepetions?

A
  1. Actus reus (act itself) 2. Mens rea (intention to act) Strict liability offences are in exception- no mens rea (intention) is required, just the actus reus.
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22
Q

Provide examples of strict liability offences.

A
  1. Selling unsound meat 2. Speeding 3. Selling alcohol to minors 4. Having sex with someone under the age of consent
23
Q

Acting without intention: In 2013, George Zimmerman was cleared of shooting Trayvon Martin, a tresspasser on his land. Why was he cleared?

A

The prosecution could not prove that Zimmerman had the mens rea, only the actus reus.

24
Q

Mens reat without actus reus: Recently, Jordan Blackshaw (21) and Perry Sutcliffe-Keenan (22) each create Facebook events which were designed to incite local rioting. Despite the fact the rioting didn’t take place (actus reus). The men were convicted. This demonstrates what?

A

In certain circumstances, there can be a criminal conviction for INTENDING to commit and illegal act, even if the act itself is not carried out. Both offenders were sentenced to 4 years in a YOI.

25
Q

The Heinz dilemma is a measure of what?

A

Moral standpoint.

26
Q

Who argued that there are 6 stages of moral reasoning?

A

Kohlberg argued that there are 6 stages of moral reasoning.

27
Q

Stage 1 of moral reasoning is based on avoiding ____ and ____ authority figures.

A

Stage 1 of moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and obeying authority figures.

28
Q

Stage 2 of moral reasoning is _____ ‘the thing that is moral is the thing that gets me the most rewards and the fewest punishments’

A

Stage 2 of moral reasoning is egocentric.

29
Q

At stage 3 of moral reasoning, there seems to be a stark change. Now, moral reasoning it based on the needs of _____, with personal relationships assuming importance.

A

Stage 3 of moral reasoning is based on the needs of others.

30
Q

At stage 4, there is a focus not on close others, but ______. ‘Heinz should not have broken into the druggists’ store to steal the life-saving drug for his wife, because trespassing is illegal’

A

Stage 4 focuses on SOCIETY.

31
Q

At stage 5, an individual recognises that law is a contract between an individual and society BUT….

A

Under certain exceptional circumstances, it is morally acceptable to break the law. ‘In general, you should always obey the law. However, there may be rare occasions where mortality and the law conflict and I will choose morality’.

32
Q

By stage 6, an individual has formed their own personal ____ principles which are stable across ____ and ____. Therefore, if there is a direct conflict between ethical principles and society’s laws, the individual will go against the society’s laws in order to adhere to their own ethical principles.

A

By stage 6, an individual has formed their own ethical principles which are stable across both time and situations.

33
Q

True or false: Criminal behaviour can be carried out by an individual who is at ANY of Kohlberg’s 6 stages of morality.

A

True.

34
Q

A general rule of thumb is that JO’s have a ____ level of moral maturity than other people their age (Blasi, 1980).

A

lower.

35
Q

Emler (1978) found that moral _____ is lower in offenders compared to same-age controls but that moral _____ is not.

A

Emler (1978) found that moral REASONING is lower in offenders compared to same-age controls but that moral JUDGEMENT is not.

36
Q

Jukovic (1980) found that in a _____ population, there were examples of all 6 stages of moral reasoning.

A

delinquent.

37
Q

One pattern that has been found between moral development stage and offender behaviour is, the lower the reasoning level, the more ____ the crime, showing _____ thought for the future (Thornton & Reid, 1982).

A

One pattern that has been found between moral development stage and offender behaviour is, the lower the reasoning level, the more PRUDENT the crime, showing MORE thought for the future (Thornton & Reid, 1982).

38
Q

Denton and Krebbs (1990) assessed the moral maturity of university students whilst they were intoxicated vs. not. What was their key finding?

A

Alcohol dramatically impairs moral reasoning.

39
Q

The Socio-cognitive Theory of Moral Disengagement (Bandura, 2002) is a combination of which two theories?

A
  1. Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) 2. Moral Cognition Theory (Piaget, 1932)
40
Q

What are the three main reasons why respectable citizens sometimes break the law? Think: jumping red lights, lying about religion in order to secure a school place for ones chlid, paying cash in hand to avoid tax…

A
  1. Distruct: people distrust big businesses 2. Fear and cynicism: people believe that when they are in negotiations with a powerful business or body, such an insurance provider, the company will engage in shady practices which are not in the service-user’s best interest 3. Legal cynicism: we see others as disengaged from legal norms, therefore, for our own protection. we feel tempted to disengage from legal norms as well.
41
Q

Moral agency can be defined as the ability to make ____ judgements, based on the understanding of ____ and _____.

A

Moral agency can be defined as the ability to make moral judgements, based on the understanding of right and wrong.

42
Q

What are the dual aspects to moral agency?

A
  1. Power to refrain from behaving inhumanely 2. Proactive power to behave humanely
43
Q

Moral disengagement is detaching oneself from moral responsibility for an ______ act.

A

Inhumane/immoral act.

44
Q

Moral actions are the consequences of which three elements?

A
  1. Cognitive influences 2. Affective influences 3. Social influences
45
Q

Moral justification is when an act is portrayed as fulfilling a _____ ______ purpose.

A

Moral justification is when an act is portrayed as fulfilling a SOCIALLY WORTHY purpose.

46
Q

Euphemistic language is using language make atrocities seem ____ or even _____.

A

Euphemistic language is using language to make atrocities seem acceptable or even honorable.

47
Q

Advantageous comparison is where inhumane behaviour is justified by comparing it to an incident which is relatively ..

A

..worse.

48
Q

What is the name of the technique where an individual displaces responsibility on to the authoritarian figure who encouraged or instructed them to act?

A

Displacement of responsibility.

49
Q

What is the name given to the technique where responsibility is diffused by division of labour?

A

Diffusion of responsibility.

50
Q

What is distortion of consequences?

A

Distortion of consequences is where an individual disregards of minimises the effect of their actions.

51
Q

What is the function of dehumanisation?

A

The function of dehumanisation is that it deactivates sympathy and empathy.

52
Q

People rarely behave cruelly, even under authoritarian demand, towards _____ others.

A

People rarely behave cruelly, even under authoritarian demand, towards humanised others.

53
Q

What is the name of the technique where a perpetrator blames their wrongdoing on situational factors?

A

Attribution of blame.

54
Q

What is progressive moral disengagement?

A
  1. Individual performs mildly harmful acts which they can tolerate with some discomfort 2. Eventually, acts originally regarded as abhorrent can be performed with little discomfort

Forensic (13 decks)

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