Review of all Concepts in Slides

Question 1

What is Structuralism, and what tools does it use?

Answer 1

Basic Elements of the Mind

Introspection and Psychophysics: sensory response to stimuli

Question 2

What is Functionalism and what tools does it use?

Answer 2

Why the mind works

mental processes change and are hard to study, so use many methods

Question 3

What is Behaviourism and what tools does it use?

Answer 3

Focus only on what
can be observed

Animal research to
gain control, and
only use stimulus response tasks

Question 4

With the Birth of Cognitive Psychology, What’s new about the cognitive views?

Answer 4

The importance of internal mental states is combined with the rigorous scientific methods to study them

Question 5

What is the Information processing view?

Answer 5

• The mind and brain as an information processor (e.g. computer)
• Processing information takes time and resources
• E.g., decision fatigue

Question 6

What is the Classic view of cognition?

Answer 6

• The world contains information to process
• The goal of information processing is to
  reduce uncertainty in the world
• The more uncertain, the more processing
• Early studies linked response time, a
  measure of processing, to the number of
  choices in a task, a measure of uncertainty

Question 7

Explain Basic vs Applied Research:

Answer 7

Basic: No goal, just to learn

Applied: With a goal in Mind

Question 8

What does Cognitive psychology study?

Answer 8

Study of Behavior to understand the mind

Question 9

What does Neuroscience study?

Answer 9

Study of the brain and linking it to the mind

Question 10

What does Computational modeling study?

Answer 10

Building and modelling the mind-brain connection

Question 11

Explain these factors in Designing an experiment:

• Independent variables
• Dependent variables
• Control or nuisance variables

Answer 11

• Independent variables:
  Manipulated variable
• Dependent variables:
  Will change based on the independent
• Control or nuisance variables:
  Placebo

Question 12

What is Dualism?

Answer 12

: the mind and brain are separate entities that are equally
important

Question 13

Explain the two forms of Dualism?

• Interactionism:
• Epiphenomenalism:

Answer 13

• Interactionism:
  The mind and brain are separate but interact
• Epiphenomenalism:
  Thoughts are the result of the brain, but thoughts don’t affect the brain

Question 14

What is Monism?

Answer 14

the mind and brain are the same; Only one entity exists

Question 15

What are the three forms of Monism?
1. Idealism
2. Neutral Monism
3. Materialism / Physicalism

Answer 15

1. Idealism:
   all reality is a mental construct, both physical and mental
2. Neutral Monism:
   the underlying nature is not mental or physical but something else, something neutral
3. Materialism / Physicalism:
   all reality is the result of one physical substance

Question 16

What are the two main (very general) was of behavioral measurement in humans?

Answer 16

Experiments measure voluntary responses (CNS)

Psychophysiological tools measure involuntary responses (PNS)

Question 17

What are Animal Models? (In Cognitive neuroscience tools)

Answer 17

Establishes a causal link between brain & behavior BUT can’t study everything.

Uses lesions and brain imaging to see correlations.

Question 18

What are Neuropsychological Cases? (In Cognitive neuroscience tools)

Answer 18

Know about split brain patients and what they tell us about the brain.

( the left hemisphere is the more verbal, and that the right hemisphere excels in visual perception and the recognition of emotion)

Can use split brain patients to get different results based on which visual field you present information to.

Question 19

Explain the Neuroimaging techniques: (In Cognitive neuroscience tools)
EEG:
fMRI:
Brain Stimulation:

Answer 19

EEG: measures electrical activity and is useful to measure timing of activity

fMRI: measure active brain areas during a task and is useful to measure localized
activity

Brain Stimulation: affect nerve cell activity in the brain, useful to determine causal link
and for therapy (potentially). Mechanisms are not clear.

Question 20

What are the Exteroceptive sensations?

Answer 20

Sensation from stimuli outside the body

Vision
Audition/Hearing
Touch
Gustation/Taste
Olfactory/Smell

Question 21

What are the Interoceptive sensations?

Answer 21

Sensations from inside our body

Proprioception: Sense of where our limbs are in space.

Nociception: Sense of pain due to body damage.

Equilibrioception: Sense of balance.

Question 22

Which is the dominant sense?

Answer 22

Vision

The McGurk effect demonstrates this by showing how visual input overrides auditory input

Question 23

Describe the flow of visual information the early system:

Answer 23

• Light waves enter the eye and are projected onto the retina
• Photoreceptors in the retina convert light to electrical activity
• The electrical signal is sent to bipolar cells, then to the ganglion cells
• The signal exits through the optic nerve to the brain, passing through the optic chiasm to reach the cortex

Question 24

slide 15