Review of all Concepts in Slides Flashcards
What is Structuralism, and what tools does it use?
Basic Elements of the Mind
Introspection and Psychophysics: sensory response to stimuli
What is Functionalism and what tools does it use?
Why the mind works
mental processes change and are hard to study, so use many methods
What is Behaviourism and what tools does it use?
Focus only on what
can be observed
Animal research to
gain control, and
only use stimulus response tasks
With the Birth of Cognitive Psychology, What’s new about the cognitive views?
The importance of internal mental states is combined with the rigorous scientific methods to study them
What is the Information processing view?
- The mind and brain as an information processor (e.g. computer)
- Processing information takes time and resources
- E.g., decision fatigue
What is the Classic view of cognition?
- The world contains information to process
- The goal of information processing is to
reduce uncertainty in the world - The more uncertain, the more processing
- Early studies linked response time, a
measure of processing, to the number of
choices in a task, a measure of uncertainty
Explain Basic vs Applied Research:
Basic: No goal, just to learn
Applied: With a goal in Mind
What does Cognitive psychology study?
Study of Behavior to understand the mind
What does Neuroscience study?
Study of the brain and linking it to the mind
What does Computational modeling study?
Building and modelling the mind-brain connection
Explain these factors in Designing an experiment:
- Independent variables
- Dependent variables
- Control or nuisance variables
- Independent variables:
Manipulated variable - Dependent variables:
Will change based on the independent - Control or nuisance variables:
Placebo
What is Dualism?
: the mind and brain are separate entities that are equally
important
Explain the two forms of Dualism?
- Interactionism:
- Epiphenomenalism:
- Interactionism:
The mind and brain are separate but interact - Epiphenomenalism:
Thoughts are the result of the brain, but thoughts don’t affect the brain
What is Monism?
the mind and brain are the same; Only one entity exists
What are the three forms of Monism?
1. Idealism
2. Neutral Monism
3. Materialism / Physicalism
- Idealism:
all reality is a mental construct, both physical and mental - Neutral Monism:
the underlying nature is not mental or physical but something else, something neutral - Materialism / Physicalism:
all reality is the result of one physical substance
What are the two main (very general) was of behavioral measurement in humans?
Experiments measure voluntary responses (CNS)
Psychophysiological tools measure involuntary responses (PNS)
What are Animal Models? (In Cognitive neuroscience tools)
Establishes a causal link between brain & behavior BUT can’t study everything.
Uses lesions and brain imaging to see correlations.
What are Neuropsychological Cases? (In Cognitive neuroscience tools)
Know about split brain patients and what they tell us about the brain.
( the left hemisphere is the more verbal, and that the right hemisphere excels in visual perception and the recognition of emotion)
Can use split brain patients to get different results based on which visual field you present information to.
Explain the Neuroimaging techniques: (In Cognitive neuroscience tools)
EEG:
fMRI:
Brain Stimulation:
EEG: measures electrical activity and is useful to measure timing of activity
fMRI: measure active brain areas during a task and is useful to measure localized
activity
Brain Stimulation: affect nerve cell activity in the brain, useful to determine causal link
and for therapy (potentially). Mechanisms are not clear.
What are the Exteroceptive sensations?
Sensation from stimuli outside the body
Vision
Audition/Hearing
Touch
Gustation/Taste
Olfactory/Smell
What are the Interoceptive sensations?
Sensations from inside our body
Proprioception: Sense of where our limbs are in space.
Nociception: Sense of pain due to body damage.
Equilibrioception: Sense of balance.
Which is the dominant sense?
Vision
The McGurk effect demonstrates this by showing how visual input overrides auditory input
Describe the flow of visual information the early system:
- Light waves enter the eye and are projected onto the retina
- Photoreceptors in the retina convert light to electrical activity
- The electrical signal is sent to bipolar cells, then to the ganglion cells
- The signal exits through the optic nerve to the brain, passing through the optic chiasm to reach the cortex
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