Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognition > Review From TA’s On Lectures (midterm 2) > Flashcards

Review From TA’s On Lectures (midterm 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Freebie :)

A

Doing great!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Echoic memory?

A

is the sensory memory that registers specific to auditory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Haptic memory:

A

Haptic memory is the form of sensory memory specific to touch stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Iconic memory:

A

visual sensory memory register

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Traits of Short-Term Memory:

A

•Sensory memory -> attention
->short-term memory
•Prefrontal cortex
•20 to 30 seconds
•7 +/- 2 items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Phonological loop?

A

Store for verbal information
•Phonological store
•Articulatory control loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A

•Store for visual information
•Visual cache
•Inner scribe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Episodic buffer?

A

•Integrating visual and verbal information
• Bridge between STM and LTM
•Conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Encoding specificity hypothesis?

A

Context similarity -> internal state, external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two types of long term memory?

A

Explicit and implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A

Episodic and semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three types of implicit memory?

A

Procedural
Priming
Coniditioned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Episodic memory?

A

Ø Life events
Ø Retrieve encoding context
ØHippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Semantic memory?

A

Ø Facts and general information
Ø No retrieval of encoding context
ØTemporal poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Memory distortion?

A

Memory retrieval
-Instability
-Reconsolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do Schemas influence memory distortion?

A

•Schemas
•War of Ghosts (Indigenous folk tale)
•False memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the two Distortion effects (Misattribution effect And Misinformation effect)

A

Misattribution effect: when a person incorrectly remembers the origin of their memory

Misinformation effect: when a person’s memory of an event becomes less accurate because they learn more facts after the event.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Procedural Memory?

A

•Automatic patterns of movement
•Striatum
•Prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Priming?

A

•Prior exposure facilitates processing
•Word fragment completion task
•Implicit effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Conditioned emotional responses?

A

Automatic response to emotional stimuli,
Amygdala,
Different thresholds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Semantic Memory?

A

Concepts and knowledge
•Episodic -> Semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Semantic network?

A

•Inter-connected concept network
•Units, Properties, Pointers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Spreading activation?

A

•Retrieval causes spreading activation
•Canary -> other birds
•Semantic priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are Heuristics?

A

•Mental short-cuts
•System 1 vs. System 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the Availability heuristic?

A

•How familiar is something to us?
•Plane travel vs. Car travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the Representativeness heuristic?

A

Similarity to existing mental prototype
•Student athlete vs. science student

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic?

A

•Over-reliance on initial information when making decisions
•Ex. Shopping prices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Regression towards the mean?

A

•Extreme outcomes -> outcomes closer to the mean
•Positive feedback vs. Negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Cognitive economy?

A

A balance between simplification and differentiation (saving resources)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Generalization in concept organisation?

A

deriving a concept from specific experiences

31
Q

What is Graded organization concept organisation?

A

according to levels

32
Q

What are Fuzzy boundaries?

A

More or less part of a category? Multiple categories?

33
Q

What is the Classic View of Concepts?

A

Comparison between list of defining features & features encountered
◦ Defining features are necessary and sufficient for category membership
◦ Necessary = required to justify inclusion
◦ Sufficient = enough to justify inclusion
◦ Characteristics features are common but not essential for category membership

34
Q

Issues with Classic View of Concepts?

A

Problems:
◦ Impossible to create defining features that include/exclude everything appropriately
◦ Typicality effects
◦ Objects can be in several categories
◦ (aka fuzzy boundaries)

35
Q

What is the Prototype & Exemplar View?

A

Concepts are defined not by fulfilling a list of features, but by similarity to a collection of
features based on generalization

36
Q

What is Exemplar theory:

A

We store every actual example of members of categories encountered in the world
◦ When seeing new item, compute similarity to whole group of exemplars

37
Q

What is Prototype theory:

A

We store an “averaged-out” abstract prototype of each category
• More similar items = stored closer to prototype in concept network

38
Q

What is the Knowledge View?

A

◦ Relies on instinctive, implicit knowledge, not similarity
◦ “This is a dog because I find it dog-like”
◦ Essentialism: Belief that there is an “essence” of a certain category that defines it
◦ Problem: Essentialist beliefs can lead to stereotyping

39
Q

What is the Embodied View?

A

◦ Concepts are processed in brain networks related to the sensorimotor domain associated with them
◦ Activating a concept in cognition activates brain areas related to that perceptual symbol
◦ Concepts are goal-oriented and a function of the current environment
◦ Hauk et al: In MRI, brain region that process movements associated with movement words were active during passive reading
◦ Connection between concept & sensorimotor system

40
Q

What does Location of brain damage impact?

A

which category affected
◦ E.g. people, animals, and tools

41
Q

What are the Human Language aspects?

A

Shared symbolic system for purposeful communication
◦ Common among group of people
◦ Units make reference to other things
◦ To communicate thoughts

42
Q

How is the human language system different?

A

Our language system is different:
◦ Infinite generation of new combinations of
signals(words)
◦ Many signals/topics
◦ Grammar
◦ About times and places that aren’t right now

43
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Damage to left inferior frontal gyrus / Broca’s
area
◦ Non-fluent aphasia / Expressive aphasia
◦ Intact speech comprehension, impaired
production and articulation (halting, difficult)
◦ E.g., patient Tan

44
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

◦ Damage to posterior superior temporal lobe /
Wernicke’s area
◦ Fluent aphasia
◦ No speech comprehension, but fine production
> leads to “word salad”

45
Q

Paraphrasias (verbal, phonemic, and neologism)

A

Verbal: swapping word for something related
(e.g. brother for sister)
◦ Phonemic: Swapping/adding speech sounds
(e.g. butterfly > flutterby)
◦ Neologism: made up words

46
Q

What is Conduction aphasia?

A

◦ Damage to arcuate fasciculus, which connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s
◦ Production & Comprehension intact
◦ Can’t repeat

47
Q

Explain Lateralization in both hemispheres?

A

Language functions are mostly located in the left hemisphere

◦ Other language functions in right hemisphere
◦ Prosody, pitch, gesture
◦ Higher-order processing/overall comprehension

48
Q

What is the Nurturist/behaviourist view on language?

A

Language is acquired through the same mechanisms as any other skill; trial and error learning

49
Q

What is the Naturist/innatist view?

A

Language is an innate faculty, not stimulus dependent, not
determined by reinforcement
◦ We are born with the principles of grammar, and the LAD (language acquisition device)
◦ Universal grammar: innate grammar that can be “customized” to any language children are
exposed to

50
Q

What is the support for Support for Naturist/innatist view?

A

Convergence – children exposed to different situations, yet converge on same grammar
◦ Uniformity – same progression of language acquisition
◦ Poverty of the stimulus – Child hears not enough language samples to acquire ALL language
◦ Problem: children DO form rules from experiences, not just innately

51
Q

What are Phonemes:

A

smallest units, “sounds” e.g. /d/, /a/

52
Q

What are Morphemes and words:

A

smallest meaningful units, e.g. “dada”

53
Q

What are Syntax:

A

rules that govern arrangement of morphemes and words

54
Q

What are Semantics:

A

meanings of words

55
Q

What does comprehension require?

A

= understanding semantics = Requires resolving linguistic ambiguity

56
Q

What is Lexical Ambiguity?

A

= within a word
Swinney 1979 – Homophones prime all meanings at first, then context kicks in & discards inappropriate word. (Ex. bat and bat)

57
Q

Syntactic/parsing = within a sentence. There is two ways to parse a sentence (Syntax first approach,Constraint-based model) :

A

-Syntax first approach: reading via grammar principles alone, in one direction (garden path sentence)
-Constraint-based model: context, expectation, frequency used to resolve ambiguity

58
Q

What is Nativism?

A

Language and thought are independent
◦ Language of thought = mentalese

59
Q

What is Linguistic Relativity?

A

: Thoughts are determined by language
◦ …Or maybe just influenced
◦ Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
◦ Colour boundaries differ across languages, sometimes leads to different behavioural results in colour matching tasks

60
Q

What is Surface dyslexia?

A

o Reading letter-by-letter, sounding out
o Difficulty at lexical level
o Struggles with irregular words

61
Q

What is Phonological dyslexia?

A

o Reading whole word
o Difficulty at letter-by-letter
(phonological) level
o Struggles with nonwords or new words

62
Q

What is the Old view on bilingualism ?

A

Bilinguals should be “functionally monolingual” in L1 (Language 1)

63
Q

What is the updated view on bilingualism?

A

◦ Both languages are active and competing
◦ E.g. cognate effects (facilitation) vs homograph effects (interference)

64
Q

How does Bilingualism alter the function and structure of the mind?

A

E.g. cognitive control advantage cognitive reserve advantage, L1 impacted by L2

65
Q

Are all bilinguals are the same?

A

E.g. individual differences > context of language use, frequency of language use, AOA, etc.
So no

66
Q

What is Risk premium:

A

Difference between expected gains of a risky option and a certain option

67
Q

Explain Risk attitudes using risk premium: (Risk averse, risk neutral, risk seeking)

A
  • Risk averse: positive risk premium (most people)
  • Risk neutral: zero risk premium
  • Risk seeking: negative risk premium
68
Q

What can be framed as gains or losses

A
  • Framing effect changes people’s choices
  • Risk averse for gains
  • Risk seeking for losses
69
Q

What is the endowment effect?

A

The tendency to ascribe higher value to objects people own or possess compared to identical objects they do not own.

70
Q

What is Prospect Theory?

A

Theory of how humans make decisions

71
Q

Utility (Explain the subjective value and losses and gains)

A

Subjective value assigned to object > depends on context, biases
-Asymmetrical for losses vs gains: losses “hurt more”

72
Q

What is the Framing effect

A

our choices are influenced by the way they are framed through different wordings, settings, and situations

73
Q

Are Probabilities assessed objectively?

A

Not assessed rationally
Ex. Availability heuristic: Overestimate rare events, underestimate mundane ones

74
Q

What is Dual-Process Theory (System 1 and 2)

A

◦ Theory that we have 2 systems for making decisions
◦ System 1: fast, effortless, heuristics, limbic system

◦ System 2: slow, effortful, logical, frontal cortex
◦ Changes in affect can change which system is in use
-Related to prediction errors

Cognition (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions