Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is encoding?

A

Initial processing of information so it’s represented in the nervous system. (If not encoded, it won’t be remembered)

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2
Q

What is storage?

A

Retention of encoded information for longer than immediate processing.

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3
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Brains ability to access this stored info for a cognitive process

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4
Q

What is capacity when measuring memory?

A

How much a memory system can hold

We can test this by asking what amount of letters a person can hear and repeat back correctly

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5
Q

What is the term duration in measures of memory?

A

How long information remains in memory

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6
Q

What is the modal memory model?

A

First substantial theoretical model of memory that tried to account for experimental data

Three different memory stores?
1. Sensory
2. Short-term
3. Long-term

Sensory input - sensory memory - short term memory -(encoding)- long term memory
Maintenance rehearsal Retrieval

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7
Q

Explain stage one of modal memory model (sensory memory)?

A

Info just from sensory organs

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8
Q

Explain stage two of modal memory model (short term memory)?

A

Hold processed information for rehearsal or to produce a behaviour

Around 15-30 seconds

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9
Q

Explain stage three of modal memory model (long term memory) ?

A

Cold storage for information that may be retrieved back into STM

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10
Q

What is persistence of vision ?

A

Retention of an image of an object or event for a brief period after it’s no longer present

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11
Q

What is iconic memory ?

A

Much of visual input can be stored for a short period of time

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12
Q

What is echoic memory ?

A

Auditory form of sensory memory where auditory information is stored

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13
Q

Explain what information short term memory has

A

Has only information that has been selected by attention for processing

Can hold around 7 items average

4 items in the visual domain

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14
Q

What is a chunk?

A

Combo of letters / numbers / sounds that are meaningful together (ex. A phone number is in chunks)

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15
Q

What are mnemonists?

A

People who can memorize long strips of numbers / letters

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16
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal ?

A

Repetition of info in STM which reactivates initial coding

Duration of STM without rehearsal: around 15 seconds

17
Q

Explain the two causes of forgetting in STM (proactive interference + retroactive interference)

A

proactive interference:
Info you learned causes you to not learn something in the future

retroactive interference:
Newer info causes you to forget something from the past

18
Q

What is articulatory suppression?

A

Technique used in verbal memory experiments to block rehearsal. Participant repeats task irrelevant sentence while trying to remember other verbal items.

19
Q

What is the working memory model?

A

Says that STM is not a single unitory store, but has three connected sub units.

  1. Visuo- spatial sketchpad
  2. Phonological loop
  3. Central executive
20
Q

Explain 1. Visuo- spatial sketchpad of the working memory model

A

Visual component of working memory. Can be used to analyze and manipulate visual information like mentally rotating a remembered object

21
Q

What is the phonological loop (2) of working memory

A

Auditory component of working memory, this allows auditory information to be repeated so it can be used / analyzed

22
Q

What is the central executive (3) part of working memory?

A

Component novel to working memory model, this is the gatekeeper that determines what information makes it to working memory. It also toggles between the visual and auditory memory stores

23
Q

Explain the key aspect of the working memory (it differentiates between visual/ auditory stores)

A

Auditory memory is really auditory and visual memory is really visual.

If doing a verbal sentence task, you will react faster by responding verbally.

Mixing of modalities increases response time (slower)

24
Q

Experiment with arrows pointing to coloured rectangles to memorize. Asked people with low and high memory capacity how much they remembered

A

Split groups into those with high memory and low memory capacity

Those with low memory capacity: could still remember two distractors even if told to ignore

High capacity individuals: could filter out distractors and only remember relevent items

25
Based on the experiment what is the critical role of the central executive?
To ensure irrelevant info doesn’t answer memory
26
What is the episodic buffer?
As a revision to original working memory model that can combine info from across different sources including phonological loop + visuo-spatial sketch pad as well as long term memory
27
Differences in working memory + general intelligence are _________ related
Causally related Possibly due to developmental factors
28
Where is working memory?
All over the brain
29
During short term and working memory where is activity increased in fMRI?
Prefrontal cortex