Chapter 9

Question 1

What is schematic knowledge?

Answer 1

General background knowledge through experience

Question 2

How do we store knowledge?

Answer 2

1) we use regularity (consistency in the way different people store knowledge)

2) we use previous knowledge to make inferences

3) much of our knowledge is implicit (common sense)

Question 3

What else is much of our knowledge?

Answer 3

Semantic memory (facts)

Question 4

What is a category?

Answer 4

Set of items that are similar

Ex. Cups

Question 5

What is an exemplar?

Answer 5

Individual items in a category

Question 6

What is a concept?

Answer 6

Mental representation of objects

Idea that includes all characteristics associated with it

Question 7

What is the common sense knowledge problem (AI)?

Answer 7

Problem in classic AI in which computers don’t possess that same commons sense knowledge as humans, cuz knowledge has to be explicit in classic AI compared to humans ability to infer implicit knowledge.

Question 8

What does the classical approach to categorization use for categorization?

Answer 8

Defining features (feature that is necessary for defining category membership)

Question 9

What is the issue with using defining features in the classical approach?

Answer 9

Many things we classify in categories are missing some defining features

Question 10

What are typicality effects?

Answer 10

We tend to rate some animals as more typical exemplars then others

Ex. Bird:
Robin vs ostrich

We will behave different to typical vs atypical items

Question 11

What is semantic priming?

Answer 11

We respond faster when shown a similar word before

Question 12

If I wrote a sentence about a turkey (atypical) and a robin (typical) would I be more likely to recall the sentence then if opposite order (typical then atypical?)

Answer 12

No.

We are more likely to recall sentences when the first item is typical and the second is atypical

Vs

When first is atypical and the second is typical

Question 13

What is the prototype theory of categorization?

Answer 13

We consider the most characteristic feature (feature most likely possessed but not required) of a category when we encounter exemplars. (Fuzzy boundaries)

Stored in a prototype (mental average of category members)
-these don’t exist in reality
-explain typically effects based on amount of shared features with prototype

Category members have family resemblance (items can belong in one category as long as one shares a feature with one another)

Question 14

Does context impact our prototype (give an example)

Answer 14

Yes. Ex an Australian might see different bird more often

Maybe ostrich is typical for them

Question 15

What is the exemplar theory of categorization?

Answer 15

We stores actual examples we encountered in the past

Categorization happens by comparing new items to the ones in your memory

Can also explain context, because this depends on individual experience

Question 16

What is the knowledge based theories of categorization ?

Answer 16

We use more than feature similarity. We use our broad knowledge base to explain category membership.
Ex. Dogs are doggy

Question 17

What is physiological essentialism?

Answer 17

Proposal that categories have a natural and underlying true nature that cannot be stated, explicitly

We rely on categories to teach us about the world

Question 18

What are basic level categories? (Lvl ppl find most natural)

Answer 18

The most cognitively efficient version
Example is dog
Category first learned by children

Question 19

What is subordinate categories?

Answer 19

Below the basic level more informative, but less distinctive

For example, a German Shepherd, or poodle

Question 20

What is the super ordinate category level?

Answer 20

Above basic level, less informative than basic, but more distinct
For example, animal .

Question 21

What are semantic network models?

Answer 21

Knowledge is stored as concepts with an individual units called nodes
They point to properties of those concepts as well
Model shows cognitive economy (conserve effort)
And property inheritance (hierarchy of properties)

Question 22

What is the spreading activation model?

Answer 22

Semantic network model in which concepts are organized, based on semantic similarity to each other

There’s no hierarchy in this one
Could explain typicality because we jump around mentally based on loosely connecting characteristics

Question 23

What is the schema of view of knowledge?

Answer 23

Knowledge is organized into groups of related schemata (plural of schema)
Made method of repeated reproduction
-If you’re shown a stimulus once
Asked to redraw it over and over after a delay
It will become less and less like a background image in more like a familiar object

Question 24

What is the symbol grounding problem in AI?

Answer 24

How symbols get their meaning in the real world. Need a way to connect to the real world to avoid an endless cycle of symbolic representation.

Question 25

What is graceful degradation in AI?

Answer 25

Damage the part of the network results in a few deficits. This is because the info was spread across the whole network. no note has all the information.
This is why neural network models are so good.

Question 26

What is a category specific deficit?

Answer 26

Loss of semantic knowledge from one category
For example, all knowledge on living things, but not on nonliving things .

Question 27

What is embodied/grounded cognition

Answer 27

Body mind and environment all influence cognition
Some body influences cognition
Others say body has a causal role in thought

Question 28

If you read the word licking, will the part of your brain involved in licking also be activated?

Answer 28

Yeah

Question 29

Does the knowledge we access depend on context?

Answer 29

Yes, for example if you see an egg in the fridge
You then faster to afirm a mysterious object as an egg if it looks similar to the egg you’d find in the fridge rather than a full cracked egg .

Question 30

What is semantic dementia?

Answer 30

Deficits in naming ability, comprehension, and language and object use.

Degeneration of neurons in the interior temporal lobe

Question 31

What is knowledge storage? (Hub and spoke model)

Answer 31

Abstract knowledge is in central hub in anterior temporal lobe

Modality specific information is distributed in modality specific spokes throughout the brain