Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are the two steps of perception?
- Sensation: physical properties of the world converted into neural code
- Perception: processing and interpretation of the sensory information “we see with our brain”
What is exeroception?
Sensing and processing info from the five senses: vision, audition, taste and smell
What is the stimulus type for Vision and seeing
Light entering eye
What is the stimulus type for audition and hearing?
Vibration in air entering ear canal
What is the stimulus type for touch
Pressuring, heat, vibrations on the skin
What is the stimulus type for gestation and taste?
Substance bound chemical compounds in the mouth
What is the stimulus type for olfaction and smell?
Airborne Chemicals in the nasal passage
What in introspection ?
Sensing and processing of info from inside the body
What is Proprioception?
Location of limbs in space
What is nociception?
Pain cuz internal body dmg
What is equilibrioception ?
Balance
Explain the four categories of sensory receptors (chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and photoreceptors)
chemoreceptors= respond to chemicals (smell and taste)
mechanoreceptors= respond to mechanical force (touch, inner ear vibrations, arteries)
thermoreceptors= respond to heat (skin)
and photoreceptors= respond to light (eyes)
Process of visual sensory system (gg)
- Light passes through cornea (transparent rubbery layer of tissue at front of eye. It bends light to land on back of the eye)
- Light then passes through small opening on the iris (small opening is pupil)
- Light passes through small area to focus the image
- Light then goes to retina (layers of neurons in the back of the eye)
- Last layer has photoreceptors (two types:rods and cones)
What are cones in centre of retina called?
Fovea
Depression is retina packed with cones to see detailed properties.
Rods are spread out all over the eye
What is the optic nerve?
Axons from retina to brain
Where does visual information first go to?
Thalamus
What is the first part of visual cortex?
Primary visual cortex
What is Visual agnosia?
Difficulty recognizing and perceiving one kind of visual stimulus
What Is prosopagnosia?
Difficulty in recognizing individual faces
What is Semantic agnosia?
Can recognize faces but not objects
What is the Fusiform face area?
Identifying faces.
Also for visual expertise.
What is the lateral occipital cortex?
Identifying objects
What happens when dorsal damage?
Location is hard to figure out (where)
What happens when ventral damage?
Difficulty with the what aspects of objects
Damage to ventral cortex only affects ability when it does not involve…
Action
What are the 7 main pieces of the auditory nervous system?
- Pinna- outside of ear
- Ear canal
- Ear drum
- Ossicles
- Cochlea
- Basilar membrane
- Hair cells
How are hair cells organized?
Structured in tonotopic map
Arranged based on frequency.
High pitch is deeper in cochlea and deep is by front
What is the first region that first receives auditory processing ? (Besides thalamus)
Auditory cortex
Explain the two properties of sound waves (frequency and amplitude) ?
Frequency: (wavelength) distance between crests of waves. Top of one wave and top of another
Amplitude: height from bottom to top
What are taste buds?
Contain sensory receptors for taste
Where is the first area to receive taste info (besides thalamus)
Primary gustatory cortex
What is the lateral sulculus?
Fissure that divides frontal / parietal lobe
What is the olfactory epithelium?
Tissue in nose with tens of millions of chemical sensory receptors
What is the olfactory bulb?
Brain structure at bottom of forebrain that receives info from olfactory epithelium
How does skin respond to physical stimulation?
Tiny Mechanoreceptors on skin
Skin info goes to where?
Goes to somatosensory cortex .
In parietal lobe, gets multiple sources of sensory info (including touch)
What is the constructive theory of perception ?
Sensory info is used to make a mental model of the environment
- behaviour is then based on this model
What is the direct theory of perception?
Sensory stimuli is used to guide behaviour (ie. no mental model)
What is Bottom up processing?
No previous knowledge. Using just environmental info
What is top down processing?
Use prior knowledge and expectations
What is phonemic restoration effect?
Missing sounds are “filled in” by the brain’s knowledge of language
What is image segmentation?
Categorizing parts of images (girl, scooter, tree, sky)
Visual system overrides bottoms up and instead uses top down
Sudden change in an image indicates a separation in our brain
What is Figure ground assignment?
Which boundary is a shape and which is a background
Which figures does a brain have a bias for?
Symmetrical and convex figures (figures that have more of a contour is protruding out, rather then inwards)
What is visual grouping?
Assuming patterns or what regions belong together.
What are the three rules of visual grouping?
- Similarly
- Proximity
- Good continuation
What is our cue of depth?
Binocular disparity: the image of the world that falls on each of the eyes is different
Steropsis: use of binocular disparity in perceiving depth
What is the template model? (Used in Recognition)
Matching an object to an image stored in memory
What is identification in recognition?
Recognition by determining if a given image is an individual or an individual object
What is classification in recognition?
Categorizing things
What is contextual factors in recognition?
We can use context to assume sentence meanings
What is scene schema?
Learned representation of which objects tend to appear in specific types of scenes
