review for plant 2 past Flashcards
Bryophytes
Angiosperms
flowering plants
Flowers – specialized structures for reproduction
Ovules are inside of Ovaries
Double fertilization
Seeds are contained within fruits
seed plants
all plants
Write out the formula for photosynthesis
CO2 + H20 + sunlight (energy) Glucose + O2
Write out the formula for cellular respiration
Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)
Explain three different things that plants use the glucose they make in photosynthesis to do.
Glucose molecules can also be used as building blocks for more complex carbohydrates (= polysaccharides)
cellulose
What are three purposes of plant roots?
Anchor plant in soil
Absorb water and minerals
Store carbs
What specific part of the root does the most absorption?
fine roots
What is the primary purpose of leaves?
produce food for the plant by photosynthesis
also for green color, absorbs light
Why can plants absorb lots of water without rupturing the cell?
When the plant cell becomes full, water still keeps flowing into it due to osmosis
dermal plant tissue
Protective outer coating against damage, pathogens, water loss
Non-woody plants
Epidermis covered with waxy cuticle
vascular tissue
transport materials throughout plant
structural support
Xylem – water and minerals – root to shoots
Phloem – sugars from sources (mature leaves) to sinks (developing leaves, fruits, flowers)
xylem
water conducting cells
- walls hardened with lignin
- dead at maturity
- Creates pipes
phloem
alive at maturity
lack many major organelles (nucleus, cytoskeleton…)
Easier for fluids to move through
cell walls are porous
associated with companion cells that carry out metabolic functions for them
ground tissue
Makes up most of plant tissue
cells for metabolism, storage, support, photosynthesis
Support:
Long slender cells with thick cell walls
May be reinforced with lignin
Can be bundled together for added strength
These are fibers used to make hemp, linen
cuticle
prevents water loss
Palisade mesophyl
contains lots of chloroplasts where most photosynthesis happens
Spongy mesophyll
also photosynthesis; lots of air spaces for gas exchange
Explain the difference between determinate and indeterminate growth
ceasing growth when certain size is reaches
growing throughout life
What are apical meristems, where are they located, and what kind of plant growth are they responsible for?
at root and shoot tips
elongation of roots and shoots due to cell division at apical meristems
root caps protect the meristems
root cap
protects the apical meristem
zone of division
closest to the root tip
zone of elongation
cells get longer to get root tip into the soil
zone of maturation
part of root rip where it can differentiate into special cell types
fungi are ___________________ heterotrophs. First they secrete ____________________________ and
then they _______________________ the digested materials
absorption heterotrophs
hydrolytic enzymes, digest complex
molecules
absorb the smaller molecules
What are two reasons that fungi are good decomposers
vital for recycling
nutrients in terrestrial systems
spore
dispersal stage of fungus
mycelium
mass of hyphae
hyphae
long, filamentous fungal body one cell thick
yeast
single celled fungus
plasmogamy
process on which fungal hyphae of different mating types fuse
heterokaryote
after fusing, fungus exists as a ___________, meaning it contains nuclei from two different sources
karyogamy
fungus may exist in this stage for extended period of time, until the nuclei fuse together in this process ___________, and makes diploid nuclei
meiosis
the diploid nucleus undergoes _______ to make haploid spores
fungal phylum for Fungi responsible for global amphibian declines
chytrids
Includes food molds, known for black sporangia
zygomycota
Includes shelf fungi specialized for wood decomposition
Basidiomycota
Gut mutualists that help cows digest cellulose
chytrids
Participates in arbuscular mycorrhizae mutualism with more than 80% of plants
Glomeromycota
Includes the mushrooms and puffballs
basidiomycota
Many are involved in a lichen mutualism
Ascomycota or Basidiomycota
In the Zygomycota, plasmogamy results in the creation of environmentally-resistant __________________ .
zygosporangia
chytrids
Only fungi with flagellated spores
* Found in soil, lakes, & marine communities
Ecological roles:
– Mutualists with animals
– Cattle, other grazers– anaerobic fungi aid in
digestion of cellulose in rumen
Parasites/ pathogens of amphibians
* spores enter amphibian skin from
water
* interferes w/host breathing,
hydration, osmoregulation &
thermoregulation
* global decline in amphibian
populations
* Has affected 30% of known
amphibian species
zygomycota
asexual:
make identical haploid spores in
black sporangia
* Made when food is abundant
sexual:
triggered by deteriorating environment
* Running out of food, environment drying out
* Plasmogamy results in formation of
zygosporangia
* Has haploid nuclei from each parent
* Resists harsh conditions
basidiomycota
Club fungi, mushrooms, puffballs,
shelf fungi
sexual:
Fruiting body has gills where sexually
produced basidiospores are made
Decomposer
* Basidiomycete shelf fungi are best at breaking
down lignin in wood
Crop pathogen
* rusts; wheat rusts can cause 100% crop losses
what are two participants in mycorrhiza? what does each give each other?
Fungi & plants have sym genes to participate
in the symbiosis
fungus helps give nutrients to plants
what are two ways fungi benefit humans
prevent diseases and boost our immune system.
with six percent of edible mushrooms possess medicinal properties
what are two ways fungi harm humans
fungi can cause parasites, disease, virusus just from ingesting or exposure to harmful fungi
Some types of fungi produce spores that cause a form of meningitis, an inflammation of tissue surrounding the brain or spinal cord.
animals are
multicellular, eukaryotic, ingestive
heterotrophs
what domain are animals in
Eukarya
How is animal nutrition different from that of fungi?
Animals feed by ingesting their food and using
enzymes within their bodies to digest it
What do animals have instead of a cell wall? What biomolecule is a major component of it?
animals do not have a cell wall
Animals have an extracellular matrix
Made of
membrane
proteins, collagen,
fibers
* provides
structural support
