Biodiversity lecture 1 Flashcards
Osmosis
chemical process; special case of diffusion
-water always moves from an area of higher water concentration to one of lower, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane, but the water can
-First studied in 1877 by German plant physiologist, William Pfeffer
Endosmosis
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water moves inside a cell and swells.
Solute is less than in cytoplasm
Exosmosis
In a hypertonic solution, the water moves out of the cell and the cell becomes flaccid
Solute is higher than in cytoplasm
Three types of osmotic conditions in living cells
hypertonic-higher solute concentration or osmolarity than the cell’s cytoplasm. extracellular fluid contains a lower concentration, water leaves the cell.
isotonic- same osmolarity as the cell
hypotonic- water will follow its concentration gradient and enter the cell. Extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell
chemotroph
organism that obtains energy from carbon dioxide through chemosynthesis
-Many bacteria and archaea and those thriving in deep seas.
-provide a source of organic carbon for other organisms
-
chemoautotrophs
are autotrophs
capable making their own food through chemosynthesis
-(include the methanogens, halophiles, nitrifiers, thermoacidophiles, sulfur oxidizers, etc.)
chemoheterotrophs
are chemotrophs that are heterotrophic organisms
-not capable of fixing carbon to form their own necessary organic compounds
phototroph
such as biosynthesis and respiration
-use light energy for certain metabolic functions
autotrophs
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.
-produce their own food, they are sometimes called producers
photosynthesis
taxis
movement in response to a stimulus
Which example represents variation within a
species?
Eye colour, body form, and disease resistance
All living things need a source of what
carbon and energy to build biomolecules
inorganic compounds
form in environment without living organisms
e.g. CO2, H2O, NaCl, NH3, O2
Organic compounds
are created by living organisms,
– e.g. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA
also biomolecules
Consumer/ Heterotroph
humans/dogs
Producer/ Autotroph
Makes own biomolecules from
CO2 (inorganic carbon)
eat plants
chemotroph
Uses energy from chemical
bonds to make biomolecules
phototroph
Uses energy from light to make
biomolecules
calvin cycle
the high energy compounds generated
in the Light Reactions and CO2 are used to generate glucose
Photosynthesis has two stages
CO2 + H20 + sunlight (energy) Glucose + O2
Cellular respiration
is the process of releasing energy
from biomolecules like glucose to generate ATP to
fuel cellular activities
generates carbon dioxide and water as by-products
What organisms do photosynthesis?
photoautotrophs
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H20 + energy Glucose + O2 = sunlight
Aerobic cellular respiration
Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy = ATP
proteins determine
phenotype
DNA is the instructions
for making proteins
Mutations (changes to DNA)
result in changes
to phenotype
A mutation in a gene
creates allele
Prokaryotic cells
pro= before
DNA not contained in nucleus
– No organelles w/ membranes
Eukaryotic cells
Eu=true
DNA in nucleus
Specialized organelles
usually larger
The three Domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya
smallest to largest taxonomic system and its hierarchy
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum kingdom, domain
what are characteristics shared by living organisms
Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt
what is the difference between diversity and variation
Species diversity counts different species, while genetic diversity looks at gene variation within a species.
What are the two types of cells? What features do they have in common? What features are
different
Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) lack a nuclear envelope; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus in which the genetic material is separated from the cytoplasm
