Biodiversity lecture 1

Question 1

Osmosis

Answer 1

chemical process; special case of diffusion
-water always moves from an area of higher water concentration to one of lower, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane, but the water can
-First studied in 1877 by German plant physiologist, William Pfeffer

Question 2

Endosmosis

Answer 2

When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water moves inside a cell and swells.
Solute is less than in cytoplasm

Question 3

Exosmosis

Answer 3

In a hypertonic solution, the water moves out of the cell and the cell becomes flaccid
Solute is higher than in cytoplasm

Question 4

Three types of osmotic conditions in living cells

Answer 4

hypertonic-higher solute concentration or osmolarity than the cell’s cytoplasm. extracellular fluid contains a lower concentration, water leaves the cell.

isotonic- same osmolarity as the cell

hypotonic- water will follow its concentration gradient and enter the cell. Extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell

Question 5

chemotroph

Answer 5

organism that obtains energy from carbon dioxide through chemosynthesis
-Many bacteria and archaea and those thriving in deep seas.
-provide a source of organic carbon for other organisms

-

Question 6

chemoautotrophs

Answer 6

are autotrophs
capable making their own food through chemosynthesis
-(include the methanogens, halophiles, nitrifiers, thermoacidophiles, sulfur oxidizers, etc.)

Question 7

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 7

are chemotrophs that are heterotrophic organisms
-not capable of fixing carbon to form their own necessary organic compounds

Question 8

phototroph

Answer 8

such as biosynthesis and respiration
-use light energy for certain metabolic functions

Question 9

autotrophs

Answer 9

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.
-produce their own food, they are sometimes called producers

Question 10

photosynthesis

Question 11

taxis

Answer 11

movement in response to a stimulus

Question 12

Which example represents variation within a
species?

Answer 12

Eye colour, body form, and disease resistance

Question 13

All living things need a source of what

Answer 13

carbon and energy to build biomolecules

Question 14

inorganic compounds

Answer 14

form in environment without living organisms
e.g. CO2, H2O, NaCl, NH3, O2

Question 15

Organic compounds

Answer 15

are created by living organisms,
– e.g. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA
also biomolecules

Question 16

Consumer/ Heterotroph

Answer 16

humans/dogs

Question 17

Producer/ Autotroph

Answer 17

Makes own biomolecules from
CO2 (inorganic carbon)
eat plants

Question 18

chemotroph

Answer 18

Uses energy from chemical
bonds to make biomolecules

Question 19

phototroph

Answer 19

Uses energy from light to make
biomolecules

Question 20

calvin cycle

Answer 20

the high energy compounds generated
in the Light Reactions and CO2 are used to generate glucose

Photosynthesis has two stages
CO2 + H20 + sunlight (energy) Glucose + O2

Question 21

Cellular respiration

Answer 21

is the process of releasing energy
from biomolecules like glucose to generate ATP to
fuel cellular activities
generates carbon dioxide and water as by-products

Question 22

What organisms do photosynthesis?

Answer 22

photoautotrophs

Question 23

Photosynthesis

Answer 23

CO2 + H20 + energy  Glucose + O2 = sunlight

Question 24

Aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 24

Glucose + O2  CO2 + H2O + energy = ATP

Question 25

proteins determine

Answer 25

phenotype

Question 26

DNA is the instructions

Answer 26

for making proteins

Question 27

Mutations (changes to DNA)

Answer 27

result in changes
to phenotype

Question 28

A mutation in a gene

Answer 28

creates allele

Question 29

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 29

pro= before
DNA not contained in nucleus
– No organelles w/ membranes

Question 30

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 30

Eu=true
DNA in nucleus
Specialized organelles
usually larger

Question 31

The three Domains of life

Answer 31

Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya

Question 32

smallest to largest taxonomic system and its hierarchy

Answer 32

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum kingdom, domain

Question 33

what are characteristics shared by living organisms

Answer 33

Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt

Question 34

what is the difference between diversity and variation

Answer 34

Species diversity counts different species, while genetic diversity looks at gene variation within a species.

Question 35

What are the two types of cells? What features do they have in common? What features are
different

Answer 35

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) lack a nuclear envelope; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus in which the genetic material is separated from the cytoplasm