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Medical Conditions Block 2 > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth, gums, tongue

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2
Q

What virus causes stomatitis and what age does this virus usually affect

A

Calici virus (feline herpes)
Affects kittens
Painful, infected

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3
Q

Can calculi virus (feline herpes) be cured? What treatments can you use

A

Calculi virus=stomatitis
Can’t be cured
May respond to anti-biotic, steroids , full mouth extractions , immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporin)
Extractions : better prognosis early on (especially molars/pre molars)
Some cats need all teeth removed.

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4
Q

Foreign objects in mouth

A

Fish hooks, porcupine quills, string (cats)
May be around mouth/in mouth or inside throat
Sticks, curled rawhide

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5
Q

Treatment for foreign bodies in mouth

A

Anesthetic/sedation to remove

Antibiotics and NSAIDS for pain relief

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6
Q

What does GDV stand for?

A

Gastric dilation and volvulus

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7
Q

What is GDV?

A

Gastric Dilation and Volvulus
Bloat
Starts with dilation of stomach filled by twisting or rotation of stomach which blocks both the entrance and exit of the stomach

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of GDV?

A

Retching, may not bring anything up but white foam

Bloated abdomen, restless, tender, very sudden onset

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9
Q

How do you treat GDV

A

Gastric dilation and volvulus is treated by:
Fluid therapy
Immediate surgery because they can die within hours
Gastropexy:dogs stomach is sutured to the abdominal wall which prevents it from twisting

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10
Q

Gastropexy

A

Dogs stomach is sutured to the body wall to prevent it from twisting

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11
Q

How do you diagnose GDV

A

X-rays

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12
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon
Very common cause of diarrhea
Often causes bloody mucoid diarrhea with straining , pain , numerous causes

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13
Q

Colitis symptoms

A 
Diarrhea 
Watery/pudding like diarrhea 
Can have Frank blood 
Or melena (happened in the intestines) 
Usually pet normal otherwise
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14
Q

What can cause colitis

A 
Bacteria over growth 
Infection (bacterial, parasitic, viral) 
Stress 
Diet 
Change antibiotics
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15
Q

How is colitis treated

A

Conservatively (home diarrhea therapy)
Metronidazole
Check fecal samples for parasites / other causes if concerns , non responsive. Other signs

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16
Q

Metronidazole

A

Antibiotic

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17
Q

Foreign bodies in stomach

A

Very common

May get stuck in stomach

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18
Q

Signs of foreign bodies in stomach

A

See vomiting

May cause no symptoms- sometimes it passes through

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19
Q

Intestinal tract foreign bodies

A

May cause obstruction

May perforate intestinal tract

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20
Q

Diagnosing foreign bodies in stomach/intestinal tract

A 
X-Rays 
Barium series (contrast) 
Ultrasounds
Exploratory surgeries 
Endoscopy
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21
Q

Barium series

A

Drink barium sulfate with water is ingested and X-ray’s are used to create radiographs of the areas of interest.
Barium appears white on the film and can show if there are any obstructions in the digestive tract.

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22
Q

Intestinal obstruction causes

A 
FB
Intussusception (telescoping of intestinal tract)
Tumors 
Hernias 
Roundworms
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23
Q

Clinical signs of intestinal obstructions

A

Abdominal pain
Vomiting
No stool passed

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24
Q

Hernias in intestines

A

Loop of intestines can be caught in hernia and twist

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25
Q

Round worms in intestines

A

Can get to large numbers and obstruct area

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26
Q

How to treat intestinal obstructions

A

Need surgery

Endoscopy

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27
Q

What happens if you don’t get surgery right away when there is an intestinal obstruction

A

GIT will become necrotic and die

May need to stitch healthy sections back together

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28
Q

Flatulence

A

Gas
Common complaint
May be sign of malnutrition due to bacterial fermentation; typically due to nutrients that make it to the colon

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29
Q

What improves flatulence

A

Diet change

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30
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity

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31
Q

Causes of peritonitis

A

Usually due to leakage of intestinal contents into abdomen but can also result from viral infection (FIP)
Trauma (Bladder rupture, abdominal wounds)
Uterine rupture
Leakage of surgical site

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32
Q

Peritonitis Treatment

A

Need surgery to flush area, repair damage
Antibiotics
Pain medication
Can be fatal if not addressed quickly

33
Q

Constipation

A

Absent, infrequent or difficult defecation.

Don’t confuse with colitis

34
Q

Causes of constipation

A 
Bladder obstruction (cats)
Anorectal obstruction (matted hair around anus) 
Prostate enlargement in dogs , tumors. Rare in dogs 
Megacolon
35
Q

Treatments of constipation

A 
Enemas 
Laxatives 
Stool softeners 
Increasing water intake 
Increasing fiber (pumpkin)
Drugs that increase intestinal motility 
Neuter if prostate 
Surgery if mega colon (surgery-colectomy) 
Shrink or remove tumor
36
Q

Diarrhea

A

Single most common complaint from clients
Passage of loose, unformed stools
May include vomiting, usually an emergency when dog is having diarrhea in house

37
Q

Causes of diarrhea

A 
Garbage guts 
Salmonella 
Toxins 
Partial/full obstructions 
Food in tolerances 
Viral
38
Q

Treatments of diarrhea

A 
Conservative therapy to start if the pet looks good 
IV fluids 
Coating Agents 
Antibiotics - Metronidazole 
Probiotics 
Pain meds 
Antiemetics 
Intestinal diets
Hypoallergenic diets
39
Q

Tests of diarrhea

A

Fecal testing
Blood work
X-rays

40
Q

Rectal obstruction causes

A

Prostatic hyperplasia: uneautered males, enlarged with testosterone
Tumors in rectum, anus, LN internally can press on anus
Fecal impactions can occur with constipation , megacolon
Pelvic fractures

41
Q

Pseudo constipation

A

Matted stool around anus

Discuss grooming and sanitation

42
Q

Hepatitis

A 
Many things damage the liver 
Viruses 
Toxins 
Parasites 
Drugs 
Autoimmune disease 
Endocrine disease
43
Q

Hepatitis treatment

A

Liver can repair itself if treated early because it’s regenerative
Usually severe disease to fail liver (needs to affect most of liver)
Can fix if cause treated early

44
Q

Hepatitis Lipidosis

A

Fatty liver disease
Over weight cats stop eating , even for short period
Body breaks down extra fat for energy , which damages liver
Cat becomes very I’ll within few days; could progress to liver failure

45
Q

Signs of hepatic lipidosis

A

Jaundice, vomit, anorexia, lethargic

46
Q

Hepatic lipidosis treatments

A 
Hospitalization 
IV fluids 
Feeding tube(usually esophageal) 
Vitamin K1 B12 supplements 
Antibiotics 
Steroids
47
Q

After hospital stay with hepatic lipidosis

A

Sent home with feeding tubes which are used until cat is eating well
Prevent obesity in your cats !

48
Q

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

A

Disease of pancreas where there is inadequate production of digestive enzymes
Atrophy of pancreatic cells (usually immune-mediated)

49
Q

Signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

Eat but lose weight
Usually loose stool (may be different colour , more fragrant)
Generic component in German Shepard’s, rough collies
Flatulence
Stools covered in mucus

50
Q

Diagnose Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

A

Check trypsin levels in blood

51
Q

Treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

Digestive enzyme supplement injections

52
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Digestive enzymes released into tissue of pancreas, causing massive inflammation and sometimes damaging the endocrine portion (islets) which can lead to diabetes

53
Q

Pancreatitis symptoms

A 
Vomiting
Abdominal pain 
Fever 
Can be fatal if severe 
Anorexia 
Lethargy
54
Q

Pancreatitis causes

A 
Fat in diet (dogs)
Toxin 
IBD (cats)
Genetics (schnauzers) 
Drug side effects 
Cushings 
Hypothyroidism
55
Q

Diagnostics

A

Cpl
Fpl
Abdominal ultrasound

56
Q

Treatments of pancreatitis

A 
If fluids 
Pain meds 
Entiemetics 
NPO dogs (feed cats) 
Antibiotics cats 
Steroids 
Liver meds 
Vitamin b12 injections 
Appetite 
Stimulants
57
Q

Triad of pancreatitis , hepatitis , duodentitis

A

Commonly seen in cats due to proximity of pancreatic and bile ducts
Common to have IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) with pancreatitis and hepatitis because ducts/organs are all close
Vomit might force some bacteria up into pancreas
Cats gut has more bacteria for digestion than dogs
Usually need to treat all three at the same time
Metronidazole, feeding tubes

58
Q

Hernias

A

Abnormal openings in the abdominal wall
Three locations : umbilical, inguinal, diaphragmatic
Abdominal contents, especially fat may push out through openings
If loops of intestines get trapped in hernias, can result in obstruction which can be fatal

59
Q

Umbilical Hernia

A 
Formed by incomplete closure of umbilical ring (belly button, where body comes together with nourishment) after birth 
Most contains fat 
May be reducible 
Diagnose by exam 
Suspect genetic, more common in dogs 
Fix at spay/neuter to avoid problems
60
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A 
More common in dogs, may be genetic 
Cavalier spaniels, chihuahua 
Pregnant females 
Overweight 
Trauma 
Diagnose by exam 
Needs to be corrected surgically
61
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia

A

Tear in diaphragm , abdominal organs in chest
Most common as trauma but can be congenital
Cats/dogs
Often causes labored breathing
May be fatal
Diagnose by X-ray’s need surgery to fix
Will need to breath for pet

62
Q

Mega colon

A

Abnormal distention of colon where feces collects in the colon

63
Q

Intussusception

A

Part of the intestine folds into the part next to it

64
Q

Megaesophagus

A

Enlarged esophagus

65
Q

Pharyngitis

A 
Sore throat, may include tonsillitis 
Usually infectious 
Common to find FB in throat 
May be reluctant to drink, may drool more, may drop food 
May cough/retch/gag 
May see changes in breathing 
May be infection (URTI) 
Could have fb or tumor 
Treat with antibiotics, anti inflammatories 
Tumor/FB removal
66
Q

Common signs of abdominal swelling

A 
Foreign bodies 
Ascites 
Pregnancy 
Organomegaly 
Puss filled uterus 
Enlarged bowel
67
Q

Flatulence

A

Fermentation of bacteria of bacteria usually in the colon due to malabsorption or high fiber diet

68
Q

Weakness

A

Possibly hypoglycemia
Malnutrition
Cardiovascular: nutrients not getting into tissue via blood stream
Muskuloskeletal : weakness, sore, unwilling to move
Easy to confuse with lethargy

69
Q

Halitosis

A

Not always dental disease

Renal disease, diabetes, stomatitis

70
Q

Kaopectate

A

Coating agent
Limits excretions of the intestines
Coats intestinal wall
Inhibits / slows growth of bacteria / inflammation

71
Q

Pepto Bismol

A

Inhibits/slows growth of bacteria /infections

Coating agent, coats walls of intestines

72
Q

Aspirin

A

Dangerous to pets

Don’t give on NSAIDS, if they have ulcers, on steroids

73
Q

Antibiotics

A 
Used for serious bacterial infections 
Upset normal flora in colon 
Can develop resistance to antibiotic, anorexia, allergies 
Finish full course of meds 
Call clinic if V/D continues 
3x a day every 8 hours
74
Q

Steroids

A 
Anti-inflammatory 
Immunosuppressant 
PD/PU but don't discontinue water 
Watch dose because decreases functions of immune system 
Prednisone
75
Q

Feeding tubes

A

Nasogastric
Esophagostomy
Gastrostomy

76
Q

Antiemetics

A

Cerenia
Injectable/oral
Gravol - car sickness

77
Q

Anorectal obstruction

A

Matted hair around anus

Show client how to properly clean up

78
Q

Prostate enlargement

A

Neuter if prostate

Possible constipation problem

79
Q

Megacolon

A

Possible constipation problem

Medical Conditions Block 2 (13 decks)

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