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Medical Conditions Block 2 > Respiratory Tract Symptoms > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Symptoms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Short of breath

A

Important to distinguish between panting and increased respiratory rate
Dogs may pant when stressed , excited, painful
Cats do not pant normally
Watch abdominal movements; if deeper, more labored.
Watch rate; fast? shallow? Does breathing change with position?
Careful with X-rays

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2
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing , always handle an animal dyspnea very carefully
These pets can suddenly die.
May need oxygen (mask)
If pet not doing well, alert STAT and return pet to comfortable position
Trauma may lead to diaphragmatic hernia. Always check if there is a HBC
Heart failure, brachycephalic, lung disease can all lead to major problems

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3
Q

Apnea

A

Not breathing, may be temporary or may be respiratory arrest
Common during anesthesia induction
“Sleep apnea” person stops breathing during sleep
If respiratory rest, pet won’t start breathing again without resistance (common cause of pet death;more common than cardiac arrest, reason defibrillator less useful)
Can see with anesthetic drugs, may need to “breath” for pet , give pet breath
If prolonged, tissues get less oxygen and waste products build up in tissues

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4
Q

What is stridor?

A

Raspy sound when larynx partially blocked

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5
Q

Stridor and laryngeal paralysis

A

Recurrent nerve not innervating properly (trauma , idiopathic , suspect genetic predisposition , congenital or acquired
Larynx collapses in when moving
May see harder to eat/drink , change in voice, lower endurance, breathing noises, stridor , distress
Usually slowly progressive

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6
Q

What can you get when you have laryngeal paralysis

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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7
Q

How to diagnose laryngeal paralysis

A

Visual exam of larynx during light anesthetic

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8
Q

What can you do when you have stridor to fix it

A

Do surgery to open folds (risk of aspiration)

Permanent tracheotomy

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9
Q

What is wheezing?

A

Narrowing of airways, note if heard inhaling or exhaling

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10
Q

What diseases is wheezing common in?

A 
Asthma (more common in cats) 
Heartworm
Airway tumors 
Lungworms 
Can be seen with coughing (may be confused with hairball or gagging)
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11
Q

Is wheezing more common with inspiration or expiration?

A

Expiration (higher intrathoracic pressure)

Usually more severe if seen in inspiration and expiration

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12
Q

What is shallow breathing?

A

Very little movement of chest

May be rapid

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13
Q

When do you often see shallow breathing?

A

Broken ribs
Concern with any HBC
Concern for internal injury (hit by car)

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14
Q

Coughing

A

Productive vs none productive

Worse at night or when exercising

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15
Q

What does coughing sound like?

A

Honking , gagging , harsh

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16
Q

Questions to ask when an animal has been coughing

A 
Worse at night? 
Worse after exercise?
Any respiratory distress, increased effort? 
Just started? 
How long?
Bringing up foam, discharge?
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17
Q

What disease can it indicate when coughing starts after collar is pulled on or pet is excited

A

Collapsing trachea

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18
Q

Mouth breathing

A

Dogs and cats normally are nose breathers

Watch at rest, hard to assess when panting

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19
Q

What can breathing through mouth indicate?

A

Inadequate oxygen intake

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20
Q

What to look for when animal is mouth breathing

A

Abdominal effort
RR
MM
Any distress?

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21
Q

What to ask when animal is breathing through mouth?

A

After exercise?
Randomly ?
Any triggers?

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22
Q

Is panting normal in cats?

A

No

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23
Q

Is panting normal in dogs and what can it indicate?

A

Yes
Overheating
Over excited
Nervousness

24
Q

Epistaxis Nasal discharge

A

Blood

25
Q

Serous nasal discharge

A

Clear

26
Q

Purulent nasal discharge

A

Put

27
Q

What to check for when there is nasal discharge

A

If it is contributing to dyspnea

28
Q

Sneezing

A

Can be sign of excitement , irritation or just sniffed

29
Q

What to check for when sneezing

A

Check if dog is rubbing face- could indicate allergies

Or pawing at face - foreign bodies

30
Q

If persistent sneezing

A

FB
Mites
Allergies
Viral or bacterial infection

31
Q

Questions to ask when sneezing

A

Are there any other signs ?

32
Q

Reverse sneezing

A

Abnormal snorting/gagging sound

Owners often confuse with cough/gag

33
Q

When can reverse sneezing be normal?

A 
Brachycephalics (clears airways) 
Small dogs (small throats) 
More common in dogs
34
Q

When do you see reverse sneezing ?

A 
Allergies 
Irritants (perfume, smoke) 
Fb
Mites 
Excitement
35
Q

What treatments when reverse sneezing

A

Usually no treatments are needed

If suspect underlying cause, blood work, rhinoscopy, biopsy

36
Q

Choking

A

Coughing, pawing at mouth, respiratory distress

Medical emergency

37
Q

What to ask when choking?

A

Full blockage or partial

Is pet breathing

38
Q

What to do when airway actually blocked

A

Clear airway to allow oxygen flow

39
Q

What to do when not breathing while choking

A

Heimlech
Hands by last rib, sharp thrust to abdomen
Puns back if needed
Pull tongue, check mouth for object (caution with biting)
Pull out or use table if able

40
Q

Questions to ask when choking

A

Is pet pawing in mouth ?
FB but not full obstruction?
Check mouth, bring to vet

41
Q

What can choking be confused with

A

Kennel cough

If it is kennel cough then the cough is more continuous and the pet can still breathe

42
Q

What objects can usually get stuck and cause problems?

A

Rawhides
Bones
PPQ

43
Q

Gagging

A

Looks like early stages of vomiting , may bring up mucus then swallow it
Removes irritants from larynx
Can confuse with cough (from airways) or vomit

44
Q

Weakness

A

Non specific sign, related to lack of oxygen

Pet weak, reluctant to move, tired

45
Q

Lethargy

A

Related to lack of oxygen
Reduced exercise tolerance
Similar to weakness
No energy, not feeling well

46
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

Allergic reaction characterized by dyspnea , stridor , agitation , foaming around nostrils , v/d

47
Q

When does anyphylactic shock need treatment?

A

Asap

48
Q

How is anaphylactic shock treated?

A

Antihistamines

Steroids

49
Q

Dental disease

A

Can cause abscess, congestion, nasal discharge

50
Q

Signs of dental disease

A

May have swelling on muzzle
May sneeze more
May have discharge
Irritation / rubbing

51
Q

Treatment of dental disease

A

Remove abscessed tooth

May feel hole at dental or see bleeding through nose extraction

52
Q

What breeds are more at risk for dental disease

A

Dachshunds

53
Q

Cyanosis

A

Mucous membranes become blue in colour due to decreased oxygen
Blue/red

54
Q

What does cyanosis indicate?

A

Severe respiratory problems/distress

Poor prognosis if unable to fix underlying problem

55
Q

What can cause cyanosis?

A 
Heart failure (congestive, hypertrophic)
Respiratory failure (cancer, collapse, torsion 
Diaphragmatic hernia
56
Q

Reduced exercise tolerance

A

Related to lack of oxygen
Pet may tire more easily , may breathe heavier after exercise
Possible collapse after exercise

Medical Conditions Block 2 (13 decks)

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